类:NSObject 、NSString、NSMutableString、NSNumber、NSValue、NSDate、NSDateFormatter、NSRange、Collections:NSSet、NSArray(Ordered、Copy)、NSMutableArray、NSMutableSet、NSDictionary

========================================================================================
知识点
一、NSObject类
1.NSObject的概述
提供了系统运行时的一些基本功能
    1.对象的创建、销毁
        alloc init new dealloc
    2. 类的初始化
          1.类加载的时候,自动调用+load方法 
          2.第一次使用类的时候,自动调用+initailize方法
    类在使用之前会执行此方法,并且只执行一次(直接可以在.m中调用此方法)

2.copy方法
   1.并不是所有对象都有copy方法
   2.如果一个对象支持copy功能,会将对象复制一份(深拷贝)
          a.首先要遵守协议NSCopying协议.h文件,
          b.必须实现copyWithZone方法协议.m文件
   3.如果不但想复制对象,而且还要复制对象的值,
     一般还要重写属性的有参的初始化方法,把self.参数值一起通过return返回
TRStudent.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface TRStudent : NSObject<NSCopying>//遵守NSCopying协议,才能实现深拷贝
@property int i;
-(id)initWithI:(int)i;
@end

TRStudent.m
#import "TRStudent.h"

@implementation TRStudent
+(void)load{
    NSLog(@"load");
}
+(void)initialize{
    NSLog(@"initialize");

}

//初始化方法
-(id)initWithI:(int)i{
    if ([super init]) {
        self.i=i;
    }
    return self;
}
//遵守NSCopying协议,实现方法
-(id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
    return [[TRStudent alloc]initWithI:self.i];//深拷贝属性
}
@end

main.m
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRStudent.h"

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        TRStudent* p=[[TRStudent alloc]init];
         p.i=10;
        TRStudent *p2=p;//浅拷贝  指向的地址一样
        TRStudent *p3=[p copy];//深拷贝,指向的地址不一样
         NSLog(@"p:%p",p);
         NSLog(@"p2:%p",p2);
         NSLog(@"p3:%p %d",p3,p3.i);//深拷贝属性
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:
load
initialize
p:0x100601a80
p2:0x100601a80
p3:0x100600650 10

  4.copy还可以用在声明式属性中,但是注意程序的本质发生改变,会自动向实例变量发送copy消息,实例变量必须遵守协议/实现
TRBook.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface TRBook : NSObject<NSCopying>
@property(nonatomic,assign)int price;
@end
TRBook.m
#import "TRBook.h"

@implementation TRBook

-(id)initWithPrice:(int)price{
    self = [super init];
    if (self) {
        self.price = price;
    }
    return self;
}
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
    return [[TRBook alloc]initWithPrice:self.price];
}
@end
TRStudent.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRBook.h"
@interface TRStudent : NSObject
//@property(retain)TRBook *book;
@property(copy)TRBook *book;
-(void)study;

@end
TRStudent.m
#import "TRStudent.h"

@implementation TRStudent
-(void)study{
    NSLog(@"学生看书 price:%d add:%p",self.book.price,self.book);
}

@end
main.m
TRBook *sanguo = [[TRBook alloc]init];
        sanguo.price = 10;
        NSLog(@"sanguo:%p",sanguo);
        TRStudent *stu = [[TRStudent alloc]init];
        stu.book = sanguo;
        [stu study];
结果:
sanguo:0x100203af0
学生看书 price:10 add:0x1004006a0

二、类对象
1.类的对象:关注的是类的代码信息,需要比较类的数据的时候需要使用类的对象。
2.类对象:关注的是对象的数据信息,需要比较类的代码的时候需要使用类对象。
3.比较类信息
一、向类发送class消息,可以创建类对象。  
             Class  class  =  [TRStudent  class];
二、判断
      1.判断一个引用指向的对象是否是某种类型或子类型
- (BOOL)isKindOfClass:(Class)c;  
TRAnimal.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface TRAnimal : NSObject
-(void)eat;
@end
TRAnimal.m
#import "TRAnimal.h"

@implementation TRAnimal
-(void)eat{
    NSLog(@"动物具有吃的能力");
}
@end
TRDog.h
#import "TRAnimal.h"

@interface TRDog : TRAnimal//继承了TRAnimal

@end
TRDog.m
TRPerson.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface TRPerson : NSObject//没有继承了TRAnimal

@end
TRPerson.m
main.m
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRAnimal.h"
#import "TRDog.h"
#import "TRPerson.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        TRAnimal *animal = [[TRDog alloc]init];
        TRAnimal *animal2 = [[TRPerson alloc]init];
        Class c = [TRAnimal class];//向类发送class消息,可以创建类对象
               TRAnimal *animals[2] = {animal,animal2};
        for (int i = 0; i<2; i++) {
            //判断一个对象 是否是某系列类型
            if ([animals[i] isKindOfClass:c]) {
                 [animals[i] eat];
            }
        }
        
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:
动物具有吃的能力

     2.判断一个引用(实例)指向的对象是否是某种类型
-(BOOL)isMemberOfClass:(Class)c; 
    3.比较“类”信息的时候,需要使用类对象,判断一个类是否是另一个类的子类
+(BOOL)isSubclassOfClass:(Class)c; 
main.m
@autoreleasepool {
        TRAnimal *animal = [[TRDog alloc]init];
        TRAnimal *animal2 = nil;
        Class c = [TRAnimal class];
        //判断TRPerson是否是TRAnimal的子类
        //健壮性
        
        if ([TRPerson isSubclassOfClass:c]) {
            NSLog(@"TRPerson是TRAnimal的子类,可以使用多态");
            animal2 = [[TRPerson alloc]init];
        }else{
            NSLog(@"TRPerson不是TRAnimal的子类,不可以使用多态");
        }
        
    }
结果:
TRPerson不是TRAnimal的子类,不可以使用多态
4.方法选择器
   1.可以得到一个方法的引用。
SEL sel = @selector(study)//方法名
   2.需要判断类中是否有某个方法
BOOL  b  =  [TRStudent instancesRespondToSelector:@selector(study)];
   3. 可以向对象发送任何消息,而不需要在编译的时候声明
[stu performSelector:sel];
例:
TRAnimal.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface TRAnimal : NSObject
-(void)eat;
@end
TRAnimal.m
#import "TRAnimal.h"

@implementation TRAnimal
-(void)eat{
    NSLog(@"nihao");
}
@end
main.m
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRAnimal.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        TRAnimal *animal = [[TRAnimal alloc]init];
        //代表一个方法
        SEL sel = @selector(eat);
        //判断一个类是否可以响应某个消息
        //判断一个类是否有某个方法
        BOOL isRespond = [TRAnimal instancesRespondToSelector:sel];
        if (isRespond) {
            NSLog(@"类中有eat消息,可以发送");
            //[animal eat];
        }else{
            NSLog(@"类中没有eat消息,不可以发送");
        }
        
        [animal performSelector:sel];
        
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:
类中有eat消息,可以发送
nihao
5.协议选择器
   1.协议的引用指向一个协议
Prtocol*  p  =  @protocol(NSCopying);  
  2.可以判断一个类是否遵守了某个协议
BOOL  b  =  [TRStudent  conformsToProtocol:p];  
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRProtocol.h"
#import "TRMyclass.h"
#import "TRStudent.h"

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
//        id<TRProtocol> p1=[[TRStudent alloc]init];
//        [p1 eat];
        Protocol*p=@protocol(TRProtocol);//协议名
        if ([TRStudent conformsToProtocol:p]) {
            NSLog(@"遵守了协议");
        }
        else{
            NSLog(@"没有遵守协议");
        }
           }
    return 0;
}
结果:
遵守了协议
=======================================================================
知识点
二、NSString
一、不可变字符串(NSString)
在新创建对象的基础上修改,就是又复制了一份
        //创建字符串
        NSString *str = @"hello";
        NSString *str2 = @"hello";
        NSLog(@"str addr:%p",str);
        NSLog(@"str2 addr:%p",str2);

        //将C语言中的字符串 转换成OC的字符串
        NSString *str3 = [[NSString alloc]initWithCString:"hello"];
        NSLog(@"str3 addr:%p",str3);
        NSString *str4 = [[NSString alloc]initWithString:@"hello"];
        NSLog(@"str4 addr:%p",str4);
        //printf("%sworld","Hello");
        NSString *str5 = [[NSString alloc]initWithFormat:@"%@",@"hello"];
结果:
str addr:0x100002060
str2 addr:0x100002060
str3 addr:0x100200d00
str4 addr:0x100002060
str5 addr:0x10010cd80

1.NSString的截取
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        NSString * p=@"HelloWord";
        NSString*p2=[p substringToIndex:5];//取头(从头到哪),to不包括下标内容
        NSString*p3=[p substringFromIndex:5];//去尾(从哪到尾),from包括下标内容
        NSLog(@"p2:%@ p3:%@",p2,p3);
        NSRange r={4,3};//取中间,从哪长度是多少
        NSString*p4=[p substringWithRange:r];
         NSLog(@"p4:%@",p4);
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:
p2:Hello p3:Word
p4:oWo

练习:
//练习:230119197007010000
        //求:年、月、日
        //截取得到日期
        NSString *sid = @"230119197007010000";
        //在OC当中 创建结构有更简单的方式
        //会有结构体函数解决这个问题
        //NSMakeRange
        NSRange range2 = NSMakeRange(6, 8);
        NSString *date = [sid substringWithRange:range2];
        NSLog(@"date:%@",date);
        NSString *year = [date substringToIndex:4];
        NSLog(@"year:%@",year);
        NSString *month = [date substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(4, 2)];
        NSLog(@"month:%@",month);
        NSString *day = [date substringFromIndex:6];
        NSLog(@"day:%@",day);
date:19700701
year:1970
month:07
day:01

2.字符串的拼接(初始化、追加、追加指定范围)
//字符串的拼接
        NSString *str10 = @"Hello";
        //追加
        NSString *str11 = [str10 stringByAppendingString:@"World"];
        NSLog(@"str11:%@",str11);
        //初始化
        NSString *str12 = @"Hello";
        NSString *str13 = @"World";
        NSString *str14 = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@%@",str12,str13];
        NSString *str15 = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Hello%@",str13];
        NSLog(@"str14:%@",str14);
        NSLog(@"str15:%@",str15);
        //按指定格式(范围)追加内容
        NSString *str16 = @"Hello";
        NSString *str17 = [str16 stringByAppendingFormat:@"%@%@",@"World",@"123"];
        NSLog(@"str17:%@",str17);
结果:
str11:HelloWorld
str14:HelloWorld
str15:HelloWorld
str17:HelloWorld123  

3.字符串替换    
    //替换
        NSString *str18 = @"www.tarena.com.cn";
        NSString *str19 = [str18 stringByReplacingCharactersInRange:NSMakeRange(4, 6) withString:@"163"];
        NSLog(@"str19:%@",str19);
结果:
str19:www.163.com.cn  

4.字符串的编码集
通过文件内容创建字符串,注意存在编码集的问题,默认为 ASC(不包含中文),要指定相应的中文编码集(GBK简体中文、 GB2312简体中文、BIG5繁体中文、UTF8全世界主流语言...)
参数1  文件的路径      
参数2  指定文件的编码集    
参数3  出现异常处理
        //编码集
        //参数 文件的路径 不包括文件名
        NSString *path = @"/Users/tarena/Desktop";
        //path = [path stringByAppendingString:@"/test.txt"];
        path = [path stringByAppendingString:@"/test2.rtf"];
        //把文件中的内容 读取到字符串中
        //NSString *str20 = [[NSString alloc]initWithContentsOfFile:path];
        NSString *str21 = [[NSString alloc]initWithContentsOfFile:path encoding:NSUTF8 StringEncoding error:nil];
        NSLog(@"str21:%@",str21);
5.字符串比较

BOOL b=[str isEqualToString:stu2]//stu和stu2比较,比较的是字符串的内容
注:==只可以比较两个字符串的地址
main.m
@autoreleasepool {
        NSString* use=@"fcp";
         NSString* use1=@"fcp";
        
        NSString*password=@"123";
        NSString*password1=@"123";
        if ([use isEqualToString:use1]&&[password isEqualToString:password1]) {
            NSLog(@"登陆成功");
        }
        else{
            NSLog(@"登陆失败");
        }
        
    }
结果:登陆失败

二、可变字符串(NSMutableString)
是NSString的子类,NSString的功能都继承,对字符串的修改是在原字符串的基础上
c语言对象(数据)改变   CRUD 创建 查看 修改 删除
oc数据改变   添加 删除 替换
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1.可变字符串的创建
//字符串的创建
        //在可变字符串中 空字符串就有意义
        NSMutableString *mString = [[NSMutableString alloc]init];
        //可变字符串不可以与代码区的字符串赋值使用
        //NSMutableString *mString2 = @"Hello";mString2将退化成NSString
        //可以指定字符串的空间大小 创建字符串
        NSMutableString *mString3 =[NSMutableString stringWithCapacity:30];
2.添加内容(插入)
参数1:添加的内容
参数2:替换的长度
//可变字符串 添加内容
        NSMutableString *mString4 = [[NSMutableString alloc]initWithString:@"Hello"];
        [mString4 appendString:@"World"];//给mString4拼接
        NSLog(@"mString4:%@",mString4);
        //可以在指定位置 添加字符串内容
        [mString4 insertString:@"123" atIndex:5];
        NSLog(@"mString4:%@",mString4);
结果:
mString4:HelloWorld
mString4:Hello123World

3.删除内容
//删除内容
        NSMutableString *mString5 = [[NSMutableString alloc]initWithString:@"I am learning Objective-C language."];
        //查找字符串内容,在所在字符串中的位置
        NSRange range = [mString5 rangeOfString:@"learn"];//需要删除的内容
        NSLog(@"range: loc:%lu length:%lu",range.location,range.length);
        //删除可变字符串中指定的内容
        [mString5 deleteCharactersInRange:range];
        NSLog(@"mString5:%@",mString5);
结果:
range: loc:5 length:5
mString5:I am ing Objective-C language.

3.替换内容
参数1:(位置,长度)
参数2:替换内容
//替换内容
        NSMutableString *mString6 = [[NSMutableString alloc]initWithString:@"HelloWorld!"];
        [mString6 replaceCharactersInRange:NSMakeRange(4, 3) withString:@"1234"];
        NSLog(@"mString6:%@",mString6);
结果:
mString6:Hell1234rld!
======================================================================================
知识点
三、类型转换(NSNumber)

在很多类使用的时候,如果使用数值,就需要将数值转换成对象类型
1.int类型的转换

   1.封装方法
     +  (NSNumber  *)numberWithInt:(int)value;   
     +  (NSNumber  *)numberWithUnsignedInt:(unsigned   int)value;
   2.拆封方法
     -  (int)intValue;  
     -  (unsigned  int)unsignedIntValue;
例:
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        
        int i=10;
        //封装 将基本数据类型封装成数值对象类型
        NSNumber* number=[NSNumber numberWithInt:i];
        NSLog(@"%@",number);
        //拆封
        int i2=[number intValue];
        NSLog(@"%d",i2);
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:
10
10
2.chan类型转换
  1.封装方法
     +  (NSNumber  *)numberWithChar:(char)value;   
     +  (NSNumber  *)numberWithUnsignedChar:(unsigned  char)value;
   2.拆封方法
     -  (char)charValue;  
     -  (unsigned  char)unsignedCharValue;
3.float类型转换
4.double类型转换

5.BOOL类型转换
   1.封装方法
     +  (NSNumber  *)numberWithBool:(BOOL)value;  
   2.拆封方法
     -  (BOOL)boolValue;
========================================================================
知识点
四、NSValue
1.有时需要创建一个对象,以密切反应原始数据类型或者数 据结构,这种情况就需要使用NSValue类,它可以将任何 C中有效的变量类型封装成对象类型。  
2. NSNumber是NSValue的子类  
1.将自定义类型转换
通过NSValue类,将结构类型封装成NSValue对象   
参数1  结构体变量的内存地址   
参数2  内存地址对应的结构体类型
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        
        
        //定义一个结构体类型
        typedef struct{
            int x;
            int y;
        }TRPoint;
        //c语言中自动义数据类型 声明一个结构变量并且赋值
        TRPoint point={6,5};

        //封装成OC语言中的对象类型
        //通过NSValue类,将结构类型封装成NSValue对象
        NSValue* value=[NSValue valueWithBytes:&point objCType:@encode(TRPoint)];
        //解封                                                                                    参数1                                参数2
        TRPoint point2;
        [value getValue:&point2];
        NSLog(@"x:%d y:%d",point2.x,point2.y);
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:x:6 y:5
=====================================================================================================================================
知识点
五、NSDate(日期)
NSDate存储的是时间信息,默认存储的是世界标准时间 (UTC),输出时需要根据时区转换为本地时间。中国大陆、香 港、澳门、台湾...的时间增均与UTC时间差为+8,也就是 UTC+8
//日期
        NSDate* date=[[NSDate alloc]init];//得到当前时间
        NSLog(@"%@",date);
        NSDate* date2=[NSDate dateWithTimeIntervalSinceNow:30];//和当前比延迟30秒
        NSDate* date3=[NSDate dateWithTimeIntervalSinceNow:-60*60*24];//昨天
        NSDate* date4=[NSDate dateWithTimeIntervalSinceNow:60*60*24];//明天
        NSLog(@"%@",date2);
        NSLog(@"%@ %@",date3,date4);
结果:
2015-01-26 08:26:34 +0000今天
2015-01-26 08:27:04 +0000
2015-01-25 08:26:34 +0000昨天
2015-01-27 08:26:34 +0000明天
=====================================================================================================================================
知识点
六、NSDateFormatter
利用它可以指定所需的任何类型的行为, 并将指定的NSDate对象转换成与所需行为匹配的日期 的相应字符串表示
//转换时间模板
        NSDateFormatter*dateFormatter=[[NSDateFormatter alloc]init];
        //hh12小时制mm分钟ss秒 HH24小时制 //MM月dd日yyyy年
        dateFormatter.dateFormat=@"yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm:ss";
        //时间对象的转换
        NSDate* date=[[NSDate alloc]init];
        NSString*strDate=[dateFormatter stringFromDate:date];
        NSLog(@"%@",strDate);
结果:
2015-01-26 04:48:30

练习:年龄 = 当前时间 - 出生年
     根据身份证号 得到一个人的年龄
     230110197007010000

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        NSDate *now = [NSDate date];
        //创建时间模板对象
        NSDateFormatter *formatter = [[NSDateFormatter alloc]init];
        //指定模板格式
        //yyyy MM dd hh mm ss 年月日时分秒
        //formatter.dateFormat = @"hh小时mm分钟ss秒 yyyy-MM-dd";
        formatter.dateFormat = @"yyyy";
        //转换时间 按指定格式转换时间 转换本地时间
        NSString *strDate = [formatter stringFromDate:now];
        NSLog(@"strDate:%@",strDate);
        //练习:年龄 = 当前时间 - 出生年
        //根据身份证号 得到一个人的年龄
        //230110197007010000
        NSString *sid = @"230119199907010000";
        //在OC当中 创建结构有更简单的方式
        //会有结构体函数解决这个问题
        //NSMakeRange
        NSRange range2 = NSMakeRange(6, 8);
        NSString *date = [sid substringWithRange:range2];
        NSLog(@"date:%@",date);
        NSString *year = [date substringToIndex:4];
        
        int nowDate = [strDate intValue];
        int idDate = [year intValue];
        int yearsOld = nowDate-idDate;
        NSLog(@"age:%d",yearsOld);
        
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:
strDate:2015
date:19990701
age:16
====================================================================================================================================
知识点
七、集合类(Collections)
一.NSSet
   1.是一个无序的,管理多个对象的集合类,最大特点 是集合中不允许出现重复对象,和数学上的集合含义是一 样的
    2.除了无序、不许重复之外,其它功能和NSArray是一样的
二.NSArray
   1.数组是一组有序的集合,
   2.通过索引下标取到数组中的各个元素,与字符串相同,
   3.数组也有可变数组 (NSMutableArray)和不可变数组(NSArray),
   4.数组中不可以保存基本数据类型、结构体数据类型,需要使用 NSNumber和NSValue进行数据“封装
 1.NSArray的创建(4种)
    1.普通字符串数组
           NSString* str1=@"one";
        NSString* str2=@"two";
        NSString* str3=@"three";
        NSArray* array1=[[NSArray alloc]initWithObjects:str1,@"two",str3,nil];//保存的都是地址
        NSLog(@"%@",array1);
结果:
(
    one,
    two,
    three
)
   2.数组值是对象
**如果需要输出对象时,输出对象的属性值,要自己重写description方法 
TRMyClass.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface TRMyClass : NSObject
@property(nonatomic,assign)int i;
@property(nonatomic,copy)NSString *str;
@end
TRMyClass.m
#import "TRMyClass.h"

@implementation TRMyClass
//要自己重写description方法
-(NSString *)description{
    return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"i:%d str:%@",self.i,self.str];
}
@end
main.m
        NSString *str1 = @"one";
        TRMyClass *myClass = [[TRMyClass alloc]init];
        myClass.i = 10;
        myClass.str = @"ABC";
        NSLog(@"myClass:%@",myClass);
        //如果需要输出对象时,输出对象的属性值,要自己重写description方法
        NSString *str2 = @"two";
        NSString *str3 = @"three";
        //int array[3] = {1,2,3};
        NSArray *array2 = [[NSArray alloc]initWithObjects:@"one",str2,str3,myClass, nil];
        NSLog(@"array2:%@",array2);
结果:
array2:(
    one,
    two,
    three,
    "i:10 str:ABC"
)
   3.通过一个以有的数组 创建一个新的数组
   //通过一个以有的数组 创建一个新的数组
        NSArray *array3 = [[NSArray alloc]initWithArray:array2];array2是上边的数组
        NSLog(@"array3:%@",array3);
结果:同上
   4.二维数组
       //数组中的元素还可以是对象(数组本身也是对象)
        //二维数组
        NSArray *array4 = [NSArray arrayWithObject:array2];
结果:同上
 5.数组添加元素,元素为数组
NSArray *array = @[@"one",@"two",@"three"];
        //@1->[NSNumber numberWithInt:1]
        //@基本数据类型->引用类型
        NSArray *array2 = @[@'c',@2,@3,@YES];
        //添加"一个"数组元素
        NSArray *array3 = [array arrayByAddingObject:array2];
        NSLog(@"array3:%@",array3);
        //添加"一组"元素
        NSArray *array4 = [array arrayByAddingObjectsFromArray:array2];
        NSLog(@"array4:%@",array4);
结果:
array3:(   作为一个元素
    one,
    two,
    three,
        (
        99,
        2,
        3,
        1
    )
)
array4:(  成为其中一个对象
    one,
    two,
    three,
    99,
    2,
    3,
    1
)
 2.数组的遍历
//数组的遍历
        //array2.count == [array2 count]求数组的长度     array2是上边的数组
        for (int i = 0; i<[array2 count]; i++) {
            //array[]
            if (i==2) {
                continue;
            }
            id obj = [array2 objectAtIndex:i];//通过下标得到数组
            NSLog(@"obj:%@",obj);
        }
结果:
obj:one
obj:two
obj:i:10 str:ABC
**3.OC中遍历数组方式
 a、c语言中的遍历方式
 b、快速枚举OC
   参数1:每次得到数组中元素的引用 
   参数2:哪一个集合/组合(数组引用对象)
 c、迭代器遍历OC
  可以得到数组或集合相应的替代器
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"one",@"two",@"three", nil];
        //1.C语言中的遍历方式
        for (int i = 0; i<[array count]; i++) {
            NSLog(@"array[%d]:%@",i,[array objectAtIndex:i]);
        }

        //2.***快速枚举
        //参数1 每次得到数组中元素的引用
        //参数2 哪一个集合/组合
        for (NSString *str in array) {
            NSLog(@"str:%@",str);
        }

        //3.迭代器遍历
        //可以得到数组或集合相应的替代器
        NSEnumerator *enumertator = [array objectEnumerator];
        //得到迭代器指向的内存空间的引用
        //并且会自动向下移动一位,当超出数组或集合的范围则返回nil值
        //[enumertator nextObject];
        NSString *str = nil;
        while (str = [enumertator nextObject]) {
            NSLog(@"str2:%@",str);
        }
        //重构 学生与学校的故事
        
    }
    return 0;
}
str:one
str:two
str:three

练习:
学校和学生的故事
根据条件 筛选
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRStudent.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        //学生
        TRStudent *stu1 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:18 andName:@"zhangsan"];
        TRStudent *stu2 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:22 andName:@"li"];
        TRStudent *stu3 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:19 andName:@"zhaoliu"];
        TRStudent *stu4 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:19 andName:@"wangwu"];
        TRStudent *stu5 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:20 andName:@"qianqi"];
        TRStudent *stu6 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:21 andName:@"guanyu"];
        TRStudent *stu7 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:20 andName:@"zhangfei"];
        TRStudent *stu8 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:18 andName:@"liubei"];
        //创建班级
        NSArray *class1412A = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:stu1,stu2, nil];
        NSArray *class1412B = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:stu3,stu4, nil];
        NSArray *class1412C = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:stu5,stu6, nil];
        NSArray *class1412D = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:stu7,stu8, nil];
        //学院
        NSArray *college3G = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:class1412A,class1412B, nil];
        NSArray *collegeTest = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:class1412C,class1412D, nil];
        //学校
        NSArray *universityTarena = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:college3G,collegeTest, nil];
        NSLog(@"universityTarena:%@",universityTarena);
        
        //遍历
        //学校
        for (int i = 0; i<[universityTarena count]; i++) {
            NSArray *college =[universityTarena objectAtIndex:i];
            //学院
            for (int j = 0; j<[college count]; j++) {
                NSArray *class = [college objectAtIndex:j];
                //班级
                for (int k = 0; k<[class count]; k++) {
                    TRStudent *stu = [class objectAtIndex:k];
                    //根据条件进行输出筛选
                    //根据年龄进行筛选等于18
                    if ([stu.name isEqualToString:@"zhangsan"]) {
                        NSLog(@"stu name:%@ age:%d",stu.name,stu.age);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        
        
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:
universityTarena:(
        (
                (
            "age:18 name:zhangsan",
            "age:22 name:li"
        ),
                (
            "age:19 name:zhaoliu",
            "age:19 name:wangwu"
        )
    ),
        (
                (
            "age:20 name:qianqi",
            "age:21 name:guanyu"
        ),
                (
            "age:20 name:zhangfei",
            "age:18 name:liubei"
        )
    )
)
stu name:zhangsan age:18

**oc中数组遍历嵌套
//迭代器
        NSEnumerator *enumerator=[university objectEnumerator];
        NSArray *str=nil;
        while (str=[enumerator nextObject]) {
            //学院
            NSEnumerator *enumerator1=[str objectEnumerator];
            NSArray *str2=nil;
            while (str2=[enumerator1 nextObject]) {
                //班级
                NSEnumerator *enumerator2=[str2 objectEnumerator];
                TRStudent *str3=nil;
                while (str3=[enumerator2 nextObject]) {
                    NSLog(@"%@",str3);
                }
            }
        }
=====================================================================
//枚举遍历
        for (NSArray* stu11 in university) {
       
            for (NSArray* stu22 in stu11) {
                //NSArray*class=stu22;
                for (TRStudent* stu33 in stu22) {
                    NSLog(@"%@",stu33);
                }
            }
        }
======================================================================================
***快速枚举与迭代器在执行的过程中不能直接删除元素,需要把元素先保存起来,需等到枚举结束,才可以删除
        TRStudent *s=nil;
        for ( TRStudent* a in class) {
            if ([a.name isEqualToString:@"lisi"]) {
                s=a;
                //[class removeObject:a];不可以直接在枚举中删除
                NSLog(@"%@",a);
           }
        }
          [class removeObject:s];
          NSLog(@"%@",class);
**当数组中有多个元素重复,使用此方法
 NSMutableArray *removeStrs = [NSMutableArray array];
        for (NSString *str in array) {
            if ([str isEqualToString:@"two"]) {
                //临时保存要删除的内容
                [removeStrs addObject:str];
            }
            NSLog(@"str:%@",str);
        }
        //[array removeObject:removeStr];
        for (NSString *removeStr in removeStrs) {
            [array removeObject:removeStr];
        }
        NSLog(@"array:%@",array);

 3.查询某个对象在数组中的位置
        //返回数组中最后一个对象
        id lastObj = [array2 lastObject];
        NSLog(@"lastObj:%@",lastObj);
        //查询某个对象在数组中的位置
        NSUInteger index = [array2 indexOfObject:str3];array2是上边的数组
        NSLog(@"index:%lu",index);
        //通过下标得到数组
        NSString* objStr=[array1 objectAtIndex:0];
        //求数组长度
        NSUInteger l=[stus count];
        NSLog(@"%lu",(unsigned long)l);
结果:
lastObj:i:10 str:ABC
index:2

练习:
现在有一些数据,它们是整型数据10、字符型数据 ‘a’、单精度浮点型数据10.1f和自定义类TRStudent的一 个对象,将它们存放在数组NSArray中
TRStudent.h
TRStudent.m
main.m
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRStudent.h"

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        //转换成数值对象
        NSNumber* num1=[NSNumber numberWithInt:10];
        NSNumber* num2=[NSNumber numberWithChar:'a'];
        NSNumber* num3=[NSNumber numberWithFloat:10.1f];
        NSLog(@"%@ %@ %@",num1,num2,num3);
        TRStudent* stu=[[TRStudent alloc]init];

        //遍历数组
        NSArray* array=[[NSArray alloc]initWithObjects:num1,num2,num3,stu, nil];
        for (int i=0; i<[array count]; i++) {
            id job=[array objectAtIndex:i];
            NSLog(@"%@",job);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

三、Ordered(数组排序)
  1.排序规则本质(系统默认升序,如需降序,在NSOrderedAscending前加个减号)
’NSString *str = @"aad";
        NSString *str2 = @"aac";
        NSComparisonResult cr = [str compare:str2];
        switch (cr) {
            case NSOrderedAscending:
                NSLog(@"str<str2");
                break;
            case NSOrderedSame:
                NSLog(@"str=str2");
                break;
            case NSOrderedDescending:
                NSLog(@"str>str2");
                break;
        }
结果:str>str2
 2.排序规则
NSString *str11 = @"1";
        NSString *str12 = @"5";
        NSString *str13 = @"3";
        NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:str11,str12,str13, nil];
        NSLog(@"array:%@",array);
        //排序规则
        SEL cmp = @selector(compare:);
        //得到排好序的新数组
        NSArray *array2 = [array                                                                                                                                       结果:
array:(       
    1,
    5,
    3   
)
array2:(
    1,
    3,
    5
)
练习1:向数组中放入数字8 3 2 1 5 进行排序
        NSNumber *num1 = [NSNumber numberWithInt:8];
        NSNumber *num2 = [NSNumber numberWithInt:3];
        NSNumber *num3 = [NSNumber numberWithInt:2];
        NSNumber *num4 = [NSNumber numberWithInt:1];
        NSNumber *num5 = [NSNumber numberWithInt:5];
        NSArray *array3 = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:num1,num2,num3,num4,num5, nil];
        NSLog(@"array3:%@",array3);
        NSArray *array4 = [array3 sortedArrayUsingSelector:@selector(compare:)];
        NSLog(@"array4:%@",array4);
结果:
array4:(
    1,
    2,
    3,
    5,
    8
)
练习2:创建一个自定义类TRStudent,为该类生成五个对象。 把这五个对象存入一个数组当中,然后按照姓名、年龄对五个对象 进行排序。
TRStudent.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface TRStudent : NSObject
@property(nonatomic,assign)int age;
@property(nonatomic,copy)NSString *name;
-(id)initWithAge:(int)age andName:(NSString*)name;
+(TRStudent*)studentWithAge:(int)age andName:(NSString*)name;
//排序规则
//比较年龄
-(NSComparisonResult)compare:(TRStudent*)otherStudent;
//比较姓名
-(NSComparisonResult)compareName:(TRStudent *)otherStudent;
//先年龄后姓名
-(NSComparisonResult)compareAgeAndName:(TRStudent *)otherStudent;
@end
TRStudent.m
#import "TRStudent.h"

@implementation TRStudent
-(id)initWithAge:(int)age andName:(NSString*)name{
    self = [super init];
    if (self) {
        self.age = age;
        self.name = name;
    }
    return self;
}
+(TRStudent*)studentWithAge:(int)age andName:(NSString*)name{
    return [[TRStudent alloc]initWithAge:age andName:name];
}
-(NSString *)description{
    return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"age:%d name:%@",self.age,self.name];
}
//制定年龄的比较规则
//按姓名比较?
//如果年龄相同再按姓名比较?
//如果姓名相同再按年龄比较?
-(NSComparisonResult)compare:(TRStudent*)otherStudent{
    if(self.age>otherStudent.age){
        return NSOrderedDescending;
    }else if (self.age == otherStudent.age){
        return NSOrderedSame;
    }else{
        return NSOrderedAscending;
    }
}
-(NSComparisonResult)compareName:(TRStudent *)otherStudent{
    return [self.name compare:otherStudent.name];
}
-(NSComparisonResult)compareAgeAndName:(TRStudent *)otherStudent{
    //先比较年龄
    if(self.age>otherStudent.age){
        return NSOrderedDescending;
    }else if (self.age == otherStudent.age){
        //比较姓名
        return [self.name compare:otherStudent.name];
    }else{
        return NSOrderedAscending;
    }
}
@end
main.m
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRStudent.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        TRStudent *stu1 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:18 andName:@"zhangsan"];
        TRStudent *stu2 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:22 andName:@"li"];
        TRStudent *stu3 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:19 andName:@"zhaoliu"];
        TRStudent *stu4 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:19 andName:@"wangwu"];
        TRStudent *stu5 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:20 andName:@"qianqi"];
        NSArray *stus = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:stu1,stu2,stu3,stu4,stu5, nil];
        NSLog(@"stus:%@",stus);

        NSArray *stus2 = [stus sortedArrayUsingSelector:@selector(compare:)];
        NSLog(@"stu2:%@",stus2);

        NSArray *stus3 = [stus sortedArrayUsingSelector:@selector(compareName:)];
        NSLog(@"stu3:%@",stus3);

        NSArray *stus4 = [stus sortedArrayUsingSelector:@selector(compareAgeAndName:)];
        NSLog(@"stu4:%@",stus4);
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:
stu4:(
    "age:18 name:zhangsan",
    "age:19 name:wangwu",
    "age:19 name:zhaoliu",
    "age:20 name:qianqi",
    "age:22 name:li"
四、数组的拷贝
- 数组的复制分为:  
  1.深拷贝(内容复制):将对象生成副本  
  2.浅拷贝(引用复制):仅将对象的引用计数加1   
- 数组中的元素,对象的引用
TRStudent.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface TRStudent : NSObject<NSCopying>
@property(nonatomic,assign)int age;
@property(nonatomic,copy)NSString*name;
-(id)initWithAge:(int)age andName:(NSString*)name;
+(TRStudent*)studentWithAge:(int)age andName:(NSString*)name;
@end

TRStudent.m
#import "TRStudent.h"

@implementation TRStudent
-(id)initWithAge:(int)age andName:(NSString*)name{
    if ([super init]) {
        self.age=age;
        self.name=name;
    }
    return self;
}
+(TRStudent*)studentWithAge:(int)age andName:(NSString*)name{
    return [[TRStudent alloc]initWithAge:age andName:name];
}

//重写description方法,解决返回数值问题
/*
-(NSString *)description{
    return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"age:%d name:%@",self.age,self.name];
}
 */

//遵守cope协议
-(id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
    return [[TRStudent alloc]initWithAge:self.age andName:self.name];
}
@end

main.m
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRStudent.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
    @autoreleasepool {
        TRStudent *stu1 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:18 andName:@"zhangsan"];
        TRStudent *stu2 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:22 andName:@"li"];
        TRStudent *stu3 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:19 andName:@"zhaoliu"];
        TRStudent *stu4 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:19 andName:@"wangwu"];
        TRStudent *stu5 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:20 andName:@"qianqi"];
        NSArray *stus = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:stu1,stu2,stu3,stu4,stu5, nil];
        NSLog(@"stus:%@",stus);
        //浅拷贝 NO
        /*
        TRStudent *stu = [[TRStudent alloc]init];
        TRStudent *stu2 = stu;
        */
        NSArray *stus2 = [[NSArray alloc]initWithArray:stus copyItems:NO];//浅拷贝
        NSLog(@"stus2:%@",stus2);
        //深拷贝 YES
        //数组的深拷贝要依赖于对象的深拷贝
        //对象的深拷贝(1.NSCopying 2.copyWithZone)(需要遵守copy协议)
        NSArray *stus3 = [[NSArray alloc]initWithArray:stus copyItems:YES];
        NSLog(@"stus3:%@",stus3);
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:
(
    "<TRStudent: 0x10010abc0>",
    "<TRStudent: 0x1001099f0>",
    "<TRStudent: 0x100109c40>",
    "<TRStudent: 0x10010b350>",
    "<TRStudent: 0x100109e70>"
)
(
    "<TRStudent: 0x10010abc0>",
    "<TRStudent: 0x1001099f0>",
    "<TRStudent: 0x100109c40>",
    "<TRStudent: 0x10010b350>",
    "<TRStudent: 0x100109e70>"
)
 (
    "<TRStudent: 0x100500d60>",
    "<TRStudent: 0x1005004b0>",
    "<TRStudent: 0x1005004d0>",
    "<TRStudent: 0x1005004f0>",
    "<TRStudent: 0x1005002a0>"
)
=====================================================================================================
重写description方法,解决返回数值问题
-(NSString *)description{
    return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"age:%d name:%@",self.age,self.name];
}
================================================================================================================================================================================
知识点
八、NSMutableArray(可变数组)
1.NSMutableArray(可变数组)
是Objective-C定义的可修改数组类  
– 是NSArray的子类
2.创建数组
NSMutableArray* array=[NSMutableArray arrayWithObjects:@"one",@"two",@"three", nil];
3.添加元素
   1.在数组末尾添加对象
   2.在指定位置插入对象
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        NSMutableArray* array=[NSMutableArray arrayWithObjects:@"one",@"two",@"three", nil];
        [array addObject:@"four"];//在数组末尾添加对象
        NSLog(@"%@",array);
        [array insertObject:@"five" atIndex:3];//插入对象
        NSLog(@"%@",array);
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:
(
    one,
    two,
    three,
    four
)
(
    one,
    two,
    three,
    five,
    four
)
4.修改元素
 1.在指定位置修改元素
 2.用另一数组替换指定范围对象
NSMutableArray* array=[NSMutableArray arrayWithObjects:@"one",@"two",@"three", nil];
[array replaceObjectAtIndex:1 withObject:@"six"];//在指定位置修改元素
         NSLog(@"%@",array);
//用另一数组替换指定范围对象
        NSMutableArray* array2=[NSMutableArray arrayWithObjects:@"1",@"2",@"3", nil];
        NSRange r={2,1};
        [array replaceObjectsInRange:r withObjectsFromArray:array2];
        NSLog(@"%@",array);
结果:
(
    one,
    six,
    three
)
(   one,
    six,
    1,
    2,
    3
)
5.删除元素
 1.最后一个对象
     [array  removeLastObject];  
 2.指定对象
    [array  removeObject:@"two"];
 3.指定位置对象
   [array  removeObjectAtIndex:2];  
 4.指定范围对象
   NSRange  r  =  {1,  2};  
  [array  removeObjectsInRange:r];  
 5.清空数组
  [array  removeAllObjects];
//删除数组中的元素
        /*1,2,3,five,four*/
        [mArray removeLastObject];
        NSLog(@"mArray:%@",mArray);

        [mArray removeObject:@"five"];
        NSLog(@"mArray:%@",mArray);

        [mArray removeObjectAtIndex:1];
        NSLog(@"mArray:%@",mArray);

        [mArray removeObjectsInRange:NSMakeRange(0, 2)];
        NSLog(@"mArray:%@",mArray);
结果:
mArray1:(
    1,
    2,
    3,
    five
)
mArray2:(
    1,
    2,
    3
)
mArray3:(
    1,
    3
)
mArray4:(
)

练习:
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRStudent.h"

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        TRStudent* stu1=[TRStudent studentWithAge:18 andName:@"zhangsan"];
        TRStudent* stu2=[TRStudent studentWithAge:20 andName:@"lisi"];
        NSMutableArray* class=[NSMutableArray arrayWithObjects:stu1,stu2, nil];
        //添加学生
        TRStudent* stu3=[TRStudent studentWithAge:19 andName:@"zhaoliu"];
        [class addObject:stu3];
        NSLog(@"%@",class);
        //删除学生 lisi
        //[class removeObjectAtIndex:0];
        //遍历数组
        for (int i=0; i<[class count]; i++) {
            TRStudent* stu=[class objectAtIndex:i];
            if ([stu.name isEqualToString:@"lisi"]) {//筛选出学生
                [class removeObject:stu];//删除学生
                 NSLog(@"%@",class);
            }
        }
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:
(
    "age:18 name:zhangsan",
    "age:20 name:lisi",
    "age:19 name:zhaoliu"
)
(
    "age:18 name:zhangsan",
    "age:19 name:zhaoliu"
)
6.ios6 新语法
     a.ios6.0及osx10.8之后,编译器LLVM支持。
     b.初始化数据
        OC:[NSArray arrayWithObject…@“a”];
        OC新:@[@“a”,@“b”];        
        C语言:{“a”,“b”};
    c.取元素的值
        OC:[数组对象 objectAtIndex…];
        OC新:数组对象[下标];
                    d.基本类型转换数值对象
                OC:@1->[NSNumber numberWithInt:1]
                OC新:NSArray *array2 = @[@'c',@2,@3,@YES];

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        //初始化
        NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"one",@"two",@"three", nil];
        //ios6中的新语法
        NSArray *array2 = @[@"one",@"two",@"three"];
        //不允许将父类类型赋值给子类类型
        //NSMutableArray *array3 = @[@"one",@"two",@"three"];
*将不可变数组转换为可变数组
        //将不可变数组转换为可变数组
        NSMutableArray *array3 =[@[@"one",@"two",@"three"]mutableCopy];
        //取元素的值
        NSString *str = [array objectAtIndex:0];
        //ios6中的新语法
        NSString *str2 = array[0];
    }
    return 0;
}


作业:
1.重构 使用ios6新语法 学生与学校的故事。
2.重构 使用三种遍历方式 
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRStudent.h"

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        //学生
        TRStudent *stu1 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:18 andName:@"zhangsan"];
        TRStudent *stu2 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:22 andName:@"li"];
        TRStudent *stu3 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:19 andName:@"zhaoliu"];
        TRStudent *stu4 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:19 andName:@"wangwu"];
        TRStudent *stu5 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:20 andName:@"qianqi"];
        TRStudent *stu6 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:21 andName:@"guanyu"];
        TRStudent *stu7 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:20 andName:@"zhangfei"];
        TRStudent *stu8 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:18 andName:@"liubei"];
        //班级
        NSArray *class1=@[stu1,stu2];
        NSArray *class2=@[stu3,stu4];
        NSArray *class3=@[stu5,stu6];
        NSArray *class4=@[stu7,stu8];
        //学院
        NSArray *college1=@[class1,class2];
        NSArray *college2=@[class3,class4];
        //学校
        NSArray *university=@[college1,college2];
        
        /**/
//c语言遍历数组
        for (int i=0; i<[university count]; i++) {
            NSArray* college=university[i];
            //学院
            for (int j=0; j<[college count]; j++) {
                NSArray* class=college[j];
                //班级
                for (int k=0; k<[class count]; k++) {
                    TRStudent*stu=class[k];
                    NSLog(@"%@",stu);
                }
            }
        }
       
      
      /**/
//枚举遍历
        for (NSArray* stu11 in university) {
       
            for (NSArray* stu22 in stu11) {
                //NSArray*class=stu22;
                for (TRStudent* stu33 in stu22) {
                    NSLog(@"%@",stu33);
                }
            }
        }
       
//迭代器
        NSEnumerator *enumerator=[university objectEnumerator];
        NSArray *str=nil;
        while (str=[enumerator nextObject]) {
            //学院
            NSEnumerator *enumerator1=[str objectEnumerator];
            NSArray *str2=nil;
            while (str2=[enumerator1 nextObject]) {
                //班级
                NSEnumerator *enumerator2=[str2 objectEnumerator];
                TRStudent *str3=nil;
                while (str3=[enumerator2 nextObject]) {
                    NSLog(@"%@",str3);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

3.National类 有名称China,拥有多个地区,有地区
Area(名称、人口)
创建三个地区
(beijing 3000 guangzhou 2000 shanghai 2200)
显示所有城市及人口
只显示北京的人口
重构... ios6新语法 遍历三种方式
TRNational.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface TRNational : NSObject
@property(nonatomic,copy)NSString *name;
@property(nonatomic,strong)NSMutableArray *areas;
@end
TRNational.m
#import "TRNational.h"

@implementation TRNational

@end
TRArea.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface TRArea : NSObject
@property(nonatomic,copy)NSString *name;
@property(nonatomic,assign)int population;
-(id)initWithName:(NSString*)name andPopulation:(int)population;
+(id)areaWithName:(NSString*)name andPopulation:(int)population;
@end
TRArea.m
#import "TRArea.h"

@implementation TRArea
-(id)initWithName:(NSString*)name andPopulation:(int)population{
    self = [super init];
    if (self) {
        self.name = name;
        self.population = population;
    }
    return self;
}
+(id)areaWithName:(NSString*)name andPopulation:(int)population{
    return [[TRArea alloc]initWithName:name andPopulation:population];
}
@end

main.m
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRNational.h"
#import "TRArea.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        TRNational *n = [[TRNational alloc]init];
        n.name = @"china";
        //一个对象中的属性 如果是对象,要注意默认情况下,是不会创建的。
        //聚合
        n.areas = [NSMutableArray array];
        TRArea *a1 = [TRArea areaWithName:@"北京" andPopulation:3000];
        TRArea *a2 = [TRArea areaWithName:@"上海" andPopulation:2200];
        TRArea *a3 = [TRArea areaWithName:@"广州" andPopulation:2000];
        [n.areas addObject:a1];
        [n.areas addObject:a2];
        [n.areas addObject:a3];
        
        for (int i = 0; i<[n.areas count]; i++) {
            TRArea *area = n.areas[i];
            NSLog(@"name:%@ pop:%d",area.name,area.population);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:
name:北京 pop:3000
name:上海 pop:2200
name:广州 pop:2000
======================================================================================
知识点
九、NSSet
1.NSSet是一个无序的,管理多个对象的集合类,最大特点 是集合中不允许出现重复对象,和数学上的集合含义是一 样的。  
2.除了无序、不许重复之外,其它功能和NSArray是一样的
1.NSSet的创建
      TRStudent* stu1=[[TRStudent alloc]initWithAge:18 andName:@"zhangsan"];
        //数值重复
        TRStudent* stu2=[[TRStudent alloc]initWithAge:18 andName:@"zhangsan"];
        //地址重复
        TRStudent* stu3=stu1;
        //创建一个集合
        NSSet* set=[NSSet setWithObjects:stu1,stu2,stu3, nil];
        NSLog(@"%@",set);
结果:
{(
    <TRStudent: 0x100202f10>,  stu3和stu1重复,只输出一个
    <TRStudent: 0x100201b70>
)}
2.hash方法(比较地址)
 1.计算机默认认为对象的hash值相同,那么对象就相同、重复
 2.在生活中,hash值相同的重复满足不了我们的需求,需要重写hash方法
 3.hash方法重写有两种情况:
    1.把返回值写死,那么该类所有的对象都可能相同
    2.把对象中的其中一个属性值作为返回值,属性值相同的,对象也可能相同
3.isEqual方法(比较值)
   1.如果返回值为真 确定两个对象是相同的。
   2.如果返回值为假 确定两个对象是不相同的。
执行顺序,会自动先判断hash值,hash相同才会自动判断isEqual方法。

总结:
    a.判断引用是否是同一个, 是则可能相同 ,否一定不同
    b.判断引用的类型是否相同, 是则可能相同, 否一定不同,
    c.判断引用的值是否相同 ,是则一定相同 ,否一定不同,
TRStudent.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface TRStudent : NSObject
@property(nonatomic,assign)int age;
@property(nonatomic,copy)NSString*name;
-(id)initWithAge:(int)age andName:(NSString*)name;
+(TRStudent*)studentWithAge:(int)age andName:(NSString*)name;
@end
TRStudent.m
#import "TRStudent.h"

//hash方法
@implementation TRStudent
-(NSUInteger)hash{
    NSLog(@"hash方法执行了");
    //return [super hash];
    return 1;
}
//重写isEqual方法
-(BOOL)isEqual:(id)object{
    NSLog(@"isEqual方法执行了");
    
    //return [super isEqual:object];
    //1.自反性
    if(self == object){//两个引用指向同一个对象
        return YES;
    }else{
        //2.类型是否相同 如果类型不相同 肯定不同
        if(![object isMemberOfClass:[TRStudent class]]){
            return NO;
        }else{//3.两个对象的类型相同才比较对象的值
            TRStudent *otherStu = object;
            if (self.age==otherStu.age&&[self.name isEqualToString:otherStu.name]) {
                return YES;
            }else{
                return NO;
            }
        }
    }
    return NO;
    
}

-(id)initWithAge:(int)age andName:(NSString*)name{
    self = [super init];
    if (self) {
        self.age = age;
        self.name = name;
    }
    return self;
}
+(TRStudent*)studentWithAge:(int)age andName:(NSString*)name{
    return [[TRStudent alloc]initWithAge:age andName:name];
}
@end
main.m
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRStudent.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        TRStudent *stu1 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:18 andName:@"zhangsan"];
        TRStudent *stu2 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:18 andName:@"zhangsan"];
        TRStudent *stu3 = stu1;
        
        NSSet *set = [NSSet setWithObjects:stu1,stu2,stu3, nil];
        NSLog(@"set:%@",set);
        
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:
hash方法执行了
hash方法执行了
isEqual方法执行了
hash方法执行了
set:{(
    <TRStudent: 0x1001027f0>
)}

知识点
十、NSMutableSet

知识点
十一、NSDictionary(不可变字典)
  1.为了查找集合中的对象更快速
  2.通过key(键)(名字),相应的value(值)。
     通常来讲,key的值是字符串类型,value的值是任意对象类型
  3.key值是不允许重复的,value的值是可以重复的
  4.通来来讲key与value的值,不允许为空  
1.NSDictionary的创建
//初始化的时候value->key
        NSDictionary* dic=[NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:@1,@"one",@2,@"two",@3,@"three", nil];
        //显示的时候 key->value
        NSLog(@"%@",dic);
结果:
{
    one = 1;
    three = 3;
    two = 2;
}
2.通过key找到相应的value
//根据key值找到相应的value
        NSNumber* n1=[dic objectForKey:@"one"];dic接上边的内容
        NSLog(@"n1:%@",n1);
        //字典引用 新语法
        NSNumber* n2=dic[@"one"];
        NSLog(@"n2:%@",n2);
结果:
n1:1
n2:1
3.获取字典中所有的value和key
//集合中所有的key
        NSArray*key=[dic allKeys];
        NSLog(@"%@",key);
        //集合中所有的value
        NSArray*v=[dic allValues];
         NSLog(@"%@",v);
结果:
(
    one,
    two,
    three
)
(
    1,
    2,
    3
)
4.NSDictionary遍历
//遍历
        //得到字典中所有的key
        NSArray* keys=[dic allKeys];
        for (NSString* key in keys) {
            //通过每一个key得到字典中的value
            NSNumber* value=[dic objectForKey:key];
            NSLog(@"key:%@ value:%@",key,value);
        }
结果:
key:one value:1
key:two value:2
key:three value:3
5.NSDictionary新语法
1.创建
NSDictionary  *dict  =  @{@"1":stu,  @"2":stu1};
NSDictionary* dic=[NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:@1,@"one",@2,@"two",@3,@"three", nil];
 NSDictionary* dic2=@{@"one": @1,@"two":@2,@"three":@3};//字典引用 新语法
2.获取
NSLog(@"%@",  mdict[@"1"]); 
NSNumber* n1=[dic objectForKey:@"one"];
        //字典引用 新语法
        NSNumber* n2=dic[@"one"]; 
6.对关键字进行排序  
1.将字典中所有key值,按object所在类中的compare方法 进行排序,并将结果返回至数组,2.在Student类中添加compare方法
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRStudent.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        TRStudent *stu1 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:18 andName:@"zhangsan"];
        TRStudent *stu2 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:19 andName:@"lisi"];
        TRStudent *stu3 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:20 andName:@"wangwu"];
        TRStudent *stu4 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:21 andName:@"zhaoliu"];
        NSDictionary *stus = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:stu1,stu1.name,stu2,stu2.name,stu3,stu3.name,stu4,stu4.name, nil];
        //排序前
        NSArray *allKeys = [stus allKeys];
        for (NSString *key in allKeys) {
            //key->value
            TRStudent *stu = stus[key];
            NSLog(@"name:%@ age:%d",stu.name,stu.age);
        }
        //排序后
***//1.排序的第一种方式 无法对字典进行排序 只能对key进行排序
        /**/
        //NSArray *allKeys = [stus allKeys];取出keys值
        NSArray *sortedAllKeys = [allKeys sortedArrayUsingSelector:@selector(compare:)];
        for (NSString *key in sortedAllKeys) {
            //key->value
            TRStudent *stu = stus[key];
            NSLog(@"name:%@ age:%d",stu.name,stu.age);
        }
TRStudent.h
-(NSComparisonResult)compare:(TRStudent*)otherStudent{
    return [self.name compare:otherStudent.name];
}        
***//2.字典排序方式2  需重写compare方法 如上
        NSArray *sortedAllKeys2 = [stus keysSortedByValueUsingSelector:@selector(compare:)];
        for (NSString *key in sortedAllKeys2) {
            //key->value
            TRStudent *stu = stus[key];
            NSLog(@"name:%@ age:%d",stu.name,stu.age);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

7.文件操作
1.将字典内容写入文件
NSDictionary *dic = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:@1,@"one",@2,@"two", nil];
        [dic writeToFile:@"/Users/tarena/Desktop/dic.xml" atomically:NO];
练习 :学生和书的故事,字典方法。
(优:通过班级信息可以直接显示学生信息、通过学院信息也可以直接显示学生信息)
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRStudent.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
    @autoreleasepool {
        //学生
        TRStudent *stu1 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:18 andName:@"zhangsan"];
        TRStudent *stu2 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:22 andName:@"li"];
        TRStudent *stu3 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:19 andName:@"zhaoliu"];
        TRStudent *stu4 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:19 andName:@"wangwu"];
        TRStudent *stu5 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:20 andName:@"qianqi"];
        TRStudent *stu6 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:21 andName:@"guanyu"];
        TRStudent *stu7 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:20 andName:@"zhangfei"];
        TRStudent *stu8 = [TRStudent studentWithAge:18 andName:@"liubei"];
        //创建班级
        NSArray *class1412A = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:stu1,stu2, nil];
        NSArray *class1412B = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:stu3,stu4, nil];
        NSArray *class1412C = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:stu5,stu6, nil];
        NSArray *class1412D = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:stu7,stu8, nil];
        //创建学院
        NSDictionary *college3G = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:class1412A,@"class1412A",class1412B,@"class1412B", nil];
        NSDictionary *collegeTest = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:class1412C,@"class1412C",class1412D,@"class1412D", nil];
        //创建学校新语法
        /*
        NSDictionary *universityTarena = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:college3G,@"college3G",collegeTest,@"collegeTest", nil];
        */
        NSDictionary *universityTarena = @{@"college3G":college3G,@"collegeTest":collegeTest};
        
        //遍历
        //学校
        NSArray *collegeKeys = [universityTarena allKeys];//取出所有Keys
        for (NSString *collegeKey in collegeKeys) {
            NSDictionary *collegeValue = [universityTarena objectForKey:collegeKey];
            //if... 查看某个学院的学生信息
            //遍历学院
            NSArray *classKeys = [collegeValue allKeys];
            for (NSString *classKey in classKeys) {
                /* 根据班级信息 显示学生信息
                if ([classKey isEqualToString:@"class1412C"]) {
                    NSArray *classValue = [collegeValue objectForKey:classKey];直接输出,不需要遍历班级即可
                }
                 */
                NSArray *classValue = [collegeValue objectForKey:classKey];
                //遍历班级
                for (TRStudent *stu in classValue) {
                    /* 根据姓名查询学生信息
                    if ([stu.name isEqualToString:@"zhangsan"]) {
                        NSLog(@"name:%@ age:%d",stu.name,stu.age);
                    }*/
                    NSLog(@"name:%@ age:%d",stu.name,stu.age);
                }
            }
        }
        
        
        
    }
    return 0;
}
===================================================================================================
知识点
十二、Block代码段
1.Block封装了段代码,可以在任何时候调用执行,Block可以作为方法的参数、方法的返回值,和传统的函数指针相似。
2.Block与函数的区别
    a.Block是OC的语法
    b.Block的定义可以写在方法中
    c.使用起来更直接,耦合度更低
    d.直接用,不用声明
3.Block的语法
    a.声明
        返回值类型
                    Block变量名
                            参数
        int(^Sum2)(int,int)
    b.定义
                返回值类型
                                参数
        = ^int(int i,int j){
    return  i+j;
    };
  c.调用
    Block变量名
    Sum2(1,2);
  d.自定义Block类型
        Block类型
    typedef void(^Block)(void);
            Block b1;使用类型声明变量
            b1();Block变量才可以使用

1.Block的定义与声明
 1.声明定义在函数外
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
//^block的标识  Sum是block的名字
//声明时也可以省略到变量i,j
//通常定义与声明放到一起
int(^Sum)(int i,int j)=^(int i,int j){
    return i+j;
};

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        int s=Sum(1,2);//block调用
        NSLog(@"%d",s);
        
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:3

 2.定义在函数内部
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        //block的定义与声明可以放到函数内部
        int(^Sum2)(int i,int j);//声明
        Sum2=^(int i,int j){//定义
            return i+j;
        };
        int s2=Sum2(3,4);//block调用
        NSLog(@"%d",s2);
    }
    return 0;
}
结果:7
1.Block的排序
@autoreleasepool {
        TRStudent* stu1=[TRStudent studentWithAge:18 andName:@"zhangsan"];
        TRStudent* stu2=[TRStudent studentWithAge:23 andName:@"lisi"];
        TRStudent* stu3=[TRStudent studentWithAge:22 andName:@"wangwu"];
        TRStudent* stu4=[TRStudent studentWithAge:17 andName:@"fangwu"];
        NSArray* array=[NSArray arrayWithObjects:stu1,stu2,stu3,stu4, nil];
        NSLog(@"%@",array);
        NSArray* array2=[array sortedArrayUsingComparator:^NSComparisonResult(id obj1, id obj2) {
            TRStudent*stu11=obj1;//利用两个进行比较
            TRStudent*stu21=obj2;
            //return [stu1.name compare:stu2.name];
             NSNumber*n1=[NSNumber numberWithInt:stu11.age];
             NSNumber*n2=[NSNumber numberWithInt:stu21.age];
            return [n1 compare:n2];
            
        }];
        NSLog(@"%@",array2);
结果:
(
    "age:18 name:zhangsan",
    "age:23 name:lisi",
    "age:22 name:wangwu",
    "age:17 name:fangwu"
)
(
    "age:17 name:fangwu",
    "age:18 name:zhangsan",
    "age:22 name:wangwu",
    "age:23 name:lisi"
)

2.自定义Block类型
//自定义
        //     返回值类型  Block是类型      参数
        typedef void(^Block)(void);
        Block b1;
        b1=^{
            NSLog(@"Block");
        };//注意封号
        b1();//调用
结果:
Block
作业:
1.通讯录
    TelphoneInfo
        name
        有多个用户
        添加用户信息addUser:(TRUserInfo*)…
        删除用户信息->根据用户姓名removeUserByName
        查看(单) 某个人信息->根据用户姓名
            checkByName
        查看(多) 所有人信息
            list…
        查看(多) 所有人信息->根据用户姓名排序
            sortedListByName…
用户
    UserInfo
        name
        email
        telphone
        show 显示用户信息
TRUserInfo.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface TRUserInfo : NSObject
@property(nonatomic,copy)NSString *name;
@property(nonatomic,copy)NSString *telphone;
@property(nonatomic,copy)NSString *email;
-(id)initWithName:(NSString *)name andTelphone:(NSString *)telphone andEmail:(NSString *)email;
+(TRUserInfo*)userInfoWithName:(NSString *)name andTelphone:(NSString *)telphone andEmail:(NSString *)email;
-(void)show;
@end

TRUserInfo.m
#import "TRUserInfo.h"

@implementation TRUserInfo
-(id)initWithName:(NSString *)name andTelphone:(NSString *)telphone andEmail:(NSString *)email{
    self = [super init];
    if (self) {
        self.name = name;
        self.telphone = telphone;
        self.email = email;
    }
    return self;
}
+(TRUserInfo*)userInfoWithName:(NSString *)name andTelphone:(NSString *)telphone andEmail:(NSString *)email{
    return [[TRUserInfo alloc]initWithName:name andTelphone:telphone andEmail:email];
}
-(void)show{
    NSLog(@"name:%@ telphone:%@ email:%@",self.name,self.telphone,self.email);
}
@end

TRTelphoneInfo.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRUserInfo.h"
@interface TRTelphoneInfo : NSObject
@property(nonatomic,copy)NSString *name;
-(id)initWithName:(NSString*)name;
+(id)telphoneInfoWithName:(NSString*)name;
//添加用户信息
-(void)addUser:(TRUserInfo*)user;
//删除用户信息
-(void)removeUserByName:(NSString*)name;
//查看某个人信息
-(void)checkUserByName:(NSString*)name;
//查看所有人信息
-(void)list;
//查看所有人信息并排序
-(void)sortedListByName;
@end

TRTelphoneInfo.m
#import "TRTelphoneInfo.h"
//扩展方法  组合
@interface TRTelphoneInfo()
@property(nonatomic,strong)NSMutableArray *userInfos;
@end

@implementation TRTelphoneInfo
-(id)initWithName:(NSString*)name{
    self = [super init];
    if (self) {
        self.name = name;
        self.userInfos = [NSMutableArray array];
    }
    return self;
}
+(id)telphoneInfoWithName:(NSString*)name{
    return [[TRTelphoneInfo alloc]initWithName:name];
}

//添加用户信息
-(void)addUser:(TRUserInfo*)user{
    [self.userInfos addObject:user];
}
//删除用户信息
-(void)removeUserByName:(NSString*)name{
    TRUserInfo *temp = nil;
    for (TRUserInfo* userInfo in self.userInfos) {
        if([userInfo.name isEqualToString:name]){
            temp = userInfo;
        }
    }
    [self.userInfos removeObject:temp];
}
//查看某个人信息
-(void)checkUserByName:(NSString*)name{
    BOOL isFlag = NO;
    for (TRUserInfo* userInfo in self.userInfos) {
        if([userInfo.name isEqualToString:name]){
            //NSLog(@"name:%@ telphone:%@ email:%@",userInfo.name,userInfo.telphone,userInfo.email);
            isFlag = YES;
            [userInfo show];
            break;
        }
    }
    if (!isFlag) {
        NSLog(@"您输入的姓名不存在,请重新输入!");
    }
}
//查看所有人信息
-(void)list{
    for (TRUserInfo* userInfo in self.userInfos) {
        [userInfo show];
    }
}
//查看所有人信息并排序
-(void)sortedListByName{
    NSArray *sortedUserInfos = [self.userInfos sortedArrayUsingComparator:^NSComparisonResult(id obj1, id obj2) {
        TRUserInfo *stu1 = obj1;
        TRUserInfo *stu2 = obj2;
        return [stu1.name compare:stu2.name];
    }];
    
    for (TRUserInfo* userInfo in sortedUserInfos) {
        [userInfo show];
    }
}
@end

main.m
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TRUserInfo.h"
#import "TRTelphoneInfo.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        TRUserInfo *u1 = [TRUserInfo userInfoWithName:@"zhangsan" andTelphone:@"13700000000" andEmail:@"zhangsan@163.com"];
        TRUserInfo *u2 = [TRUserInfo userInfoWithName:@"lisi" andTelphone:@"13800000000" andEmail:@"lisi@163.com"];
        TRUserInfo *u3 = [TRUserInfo userInfoWithName:@"wangwu" andTelphone:@"13900000000" andEmail:@"wangwu@163.com"];
        TRTelphoneInfo *telphoneInfo = [TRTelphoneInfo telphoneInfoWithName:@"电信"];
        //添加用户信息
        [telphoneInfo addUser:u1];
        [telphoneInfo addUser:u2];
        [telphoneInfo addUser:u3];
        //查看所有用户信息
        //[telphoneInfo list];
        //查看按姓名排序的所有用户信息
        //[telphoneInfo sortedListByName];
        //查看某个人的信息 通过名字
        //[telphoneInfo checkUserByName:@"lisi"];
        //根据姓名 删除某个人的信息
        [telphoneInfo removeUserByName:@"lisi"];
        [telphoneInfo list];
    }
    return 0;
}

作业2:
    学生管理系统
    1.创建班级
    2.删除班级
    3.查询所有班级
    4.向班级中添加学生
    5.查询所有班级所有学生
    6.删除班级中的学生
    7.学生有学习成绩(语文、数学、英语)
    8.将学生的成绩排序

补充:
1.Runtime是什么
    1.是OC语言提供的一些C函数库,这些C函数可以在程序运行期间获取类信息,创建对象,调用方法。。。
    2.当通过Selector调用方法时,编译器无法确认内存中是否有问题,会有相应警告出现,可以用以下方式取消警告。
    3.OC真在在执行的时候,会先翻译成C++/C,再转换成汇编代码(计算机识别的代码)。OC非真正面向对象,而是假的面向对象。
2.NSObjectRuntime.h头文件串的函数
    NSStringFromSelector //根据方法获取方法名
    NSSelectorFromString //根据方法名获取方法
    NSStringFromClass //根据类获取类名
    NSClassFromString //根据类名获取类
    NSStringFromProtocol //根据协议获取协议名
    NSProtocolFromString //根据协议名获取协议

NSDictionary *user = @{@"className":@"TRPerson",
@"property":@{@"name":@"zhangsan",@"gender":@"female"},
    @"method":@"show"};
NSDictionary *user2 = @{@"className":@"TRPerson",
@"property":@{@"name”:@“lisi”,@“gender”:@“Male”},
    @"method":@"show"};
NSArray *users = @[user,user2];
例:
@autoreleasepool {
        
        //通过字符串信息,也可以创建对象
        NSString *className = @"TRPerson";
        Class class = NSClassFromString(className);
        id obj = [[class alloc]init];
        NSString *methodName = @"show";
        SEL method = NSSelectorFromString(methodName);
        [obj performSelector:method];
        NSString *name = @"zhangsan";
        NSString *gender = @"male";
        SEL setName = NSSelectorFromString(@"setName:");
        [obj performSelector:setName withObject:name];
        SEL setGenger = NSSelectorFromString(@"setGender:");
        [obj performSelector:setGenger withObject:gender];
        [obj performSelector:method];
        
        //模拟动态创建对象,可以叫反射
        //根据文件中读出来的数据 创建相应的对象

        NSDictionary *user = @{@"className":@"TRPerson",
@"property":@{@"name":@"zhangsan",@"gender":@"female"},@"method":@"show"};
        NSArray *users = @[user,user2];
        for (NSDictionary *user in users) {
            //通过运行时 得到对象 属性 方法
            //创建一个对象 ***放到对象数组中
        }
        
    }
copy:得到一个不可改变的对象,复制了一份。NSstring
strong:只得到一个内存空间        NSMutableString
ARC:
NSstring 、block:copy
OC对象:strong
简单基本数据类型、结构体: assign

 

posted on 2015-12-21 13:25  A蜗牛为梦想而生A  阅读(532)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报