在Debian 4.0rc3上编译内核2.6.24时加入Layer7模块笔记[防火墙中在TCP/IP第七层Layer7应用层阻挡QQ,MSN等软件的应用]
作者:何祖彬[RobinHe] Mail:zubin.he@gmail.com
始于2008年8月3日 上午
版本号:KernelLayer7-V1.0-20080803,2008年8月3日首版
转载请注明出处,本文也是采用两篇网友的大部分内容,因此转载时,请也将下面“参考文章”的出处也一并加入!谢谢!
本文中难免有不足、遗漏、错别字和句子不通之处,如发现、或者有更新改变之处,请与我联系以及时修正和完善!
系统信息:
OS : Debian 4.0 rc3
使用说明:
绿色加粗字体的绝大部分是输入的命令和系统输出显示的结果。
参考文章:
實作 Layer 7 封包過濾
http://ms.ntcb.edu.tw/~steven/article/kernel-layer7-filter.htm
Thank for Steven!
Debian Linux系统编译内核标准方式介绍
http://tech.itzero.com/2008/0728/article_38241.html
升级、编译自己的内核—— Debian篇
http://fanqiang.chinaunix.net/system/linux/2005-05-02/3211.shtml
第一步,要下载和安装要用的工具及相关软件:
#apt-get install debhelper modutils kernel-package libncurses5-dev fakeroot
#apt-get install gcc g++ make
注意:
因为Debian系统的内核编译跟Redhat有所不同,它在编译的时候会需要make-kpkg和fakeroot[可选]命令,因此需要安装以上的软件包才行!
我为了安装mysql、php、apache等软件还要装以及相关的软件以及常用的工具
#apt-get install vim elinks gcc g++ make libncurses5-dev libpng12-dev libjpeg62-dev zlib1g-dev libxml2-dev
第二步,下载并解开所需的源代码软件到相应的位置:
要编译内核并加入layer7模块,必须需要以下的软件的源代码:
linux kernel source
iptables source
l7-filter patch
l7-filter protocols
我选用的以上软件的版本如下:
kernel:2.6.24
iptables:1.4.0
l7-filter patch:2.17
l7-filter protocols:2008-02-20
完整下载如下:
root # wget http://www.cnblogs.com/1327/admin/ftp://ftp.tw.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.24.4.tar.bz2root # wget http://www.cnblogs.com/1327/admin/ftp://ftp.netfilter.org/pub/iptables/iptables-1.4.0.tar.bz2root # wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/l7-filter/netfilter-layer7-v2.17.tar.gzroot # wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/l7-filter/l7-protocols-2008-02-20.tar.gz或者直接从我们自已的服务器下载全部的压缩包:
http://pt.cjcht.com:85/l7.tar.gz //文件大小有60MB左右,还有包括两个新版的软件,我暂时没用,有空可以自已试试,就用Steven所使用的软件版本!
#cd /usr/local/src
#wget http://pt.cjcht.com:85/l7.tar.gz
#tar -zxvf l7.tar.gz
按我的习惯,将这些软件解压到:/usr/local/src/Layer7下面:
因为是编译新的内核,我习惯将编译内核的源代码放在/usr/src下面,并建一个新的目录kernels,觉得Steven的习惯不错,以后也养成这个习惯!
#cd /usr/src
#mkdir kernels
#cd kernels
解开要用的软件包到 /usr/src/kernels下面:
#tar -zxvf /usr/local/src/Layer7/linux-2.6.24.4.tar.bz2
#tar -zxvf /usr/local/src/Layer7/iptables-1.4.0.tar.gz
#tar -zxvf /usr/local/src/Layer7/netfilter-layer7-v2.17.tar.gz
#tar -zxvf /usr/local/src/Layer7/l7-protocols-2008-02-20.tar.gz
第三步,将Layer7加入新的内核中并进行编译:
为了方便,做一个符号链接,并进入新内核源代码的目录:
#ln -s linux-2.6.24 linux
#cd linux
如果你要用延续使用旧版本内核中的模块中的功能,你要将/boot/config-kernel-version文件copy到当前的内核目录,并命名为.config
#cp /boot/config-2.6.18-6-686 ./.config
为内核源代码打上layer7的补丁:
#patch -p1 < ../netfilter-layer7-v2.17/kernel-2.6.22-2.6.24-layer7-2.17.patch
结果如下:
patching file net/netfilter/Kconfig
patching file net/netfilter/Makefile
patching file net/netfilter/xt_layer7.c
patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.c
patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.h
patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regmagic.h
patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regsub.c
patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c
patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_standalone.c
patching file include/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack.h
patching file include/linux/netfilter/xt_layer7.h
为内核选择layer7及相关的模块:
#make menuconfig
选项如下:
General setup ---> [*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers Networking ---> Networking options ---> [*] Network packet filtering framework (Netfilter) ---> Core Netfilter Configuration ---> <M> Netfilter connection tracking support -*- Connection tracking flow accounting -*- Connection mark tracking support [*] Connection tracking security mark support [*] Connection tracking events (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> SCTP protocol connection tracking support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> UDP-Lite protocol connection tracking support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> Amanda backup protocol support <M> FTP protocol support <M> H.323 protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> IRC protocol support <M> NetBIOS name service protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> PPtP protocol support <M> SANE protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> SIP protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> TFTP protocol support <M> Connection tracking netlink interface (EXPERIMENTAL) {M} Netfilter Xtables support (required for ip_tables) <M> "CLASSIFY" target support <M> "CONNMARK" target support <M> "DSCP" target support <M> "MARK" target support <M> "NFQUEUE" target Support <M> "NFLOG" target support <M> "NOTRACK" target support <M> "TRACE" target support <M> "TRACE" target support <M> "SECMARK" target support <M> "CONNSECMARK" target support <M> "TCPMSS" target support <M> "comment" match support <M> "connbytes" per-connection counter match support <M> "connlimit" match support" <M> "connmark" connection mark match support <M> "conntrack" connection tracking match support <M> "DCCP" protocol match support <M> "DCCP" protocol match support <M> "DSCP" match support <M> "ESP" match support <M> "helper" match support <M> "length" match support <M> "limit" match support <M> "mac" address match support <M> "mark" match support <M> IPsec "policy" match support <M> Multiple port match support <M> "physdev" match support <M> "pkttype" packet type match support <M> "quota" match support <M> "realm" match support <M> "sctp" protocol match support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> "state" match support <M> "layer7" match support [*] Layer 7 debugging output <M> "statistic" match support <M> "string" match support <M> "tcpmss" match support <M> "time" match support <M> "u32" match support <M> "hashlimit" match support IP: Netfilter Configuration ---> <M> IPv4 connection tracking support (required for NAT) [*] proc/sysctl compatibility with old connection tracking (NEW <M> IP Userspace queueing via NETLINK (OBSOLETE) <M> IP tables support (required for filtering/masq/NAT) <M> IP range match support <M> TOS match support <M> recent match support <M> ECN match support <M> AH match support <M> TTL match support <M> Owner match support <M> address type match support <M> Packet filtering <M> REJECT target support <M> LOG target support <M> ULOG target support <M> Full NAT (NEW) <M> MASQUERADE target support <M> REDIRECT target support <M> NETMAP target support <M> SAME target support (OBSOLETE) <M> Basic SNMP-ALG support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> Packet mangling <M> TOS target support注意,刚开始时,我一直找不到:<M> "layer7" match support 和 [*] Layer 7 debugging output 这两个模块,浪费了很多时间,后来发现是因为这两个模块是属于:<> Netfilter connection tracking support 这个模块,因此得先选择<M> Netfilter connection tracking support 这样下面才有Layer7及相关模块!
其中time模块就是可以通过iptables可以控制上网的时间等功能,就是时间控制的模块!
一步一步的"EXIT"后,会提示你是否保存刚才的选择更改结果,我们选“YES”!
注意:
按以往Redhat或者其它版本的编译过程就得用make及要关命令来进行编译,但是在这里,我们需要用到Debian的专门工具make-kpkg,我想这个工具也是基于make,只是经过加工以方便Debian用户使用吧,因为Debian的启动内核参数跟别的系统有所差异!本文刚开始提到的安装那些软件包#apt-get install debhelper modutils kernel-package libncurses5-dev fakeroot就是为了这一步而做的!
清除源码树并复原 kernel-package 参数
#make-kpkg clean
然后进行编译并生成.deb的包,以供安装时使用:
#fakeroot make-kpkg --append_to_version -686 --initrd --revision=2.6.24 kernel_image modules_image
说明:fakeroot是切换到root用户环境,如果你现在当前用户不是root,你要用这个命令,否则这个命令可以省!
好像用make-kpkg这个命令在编译内核时比以往省了很多步骤!有空研究一下这东东!
同时在做这一步时需要花挺长时间进行编译工作以及后期的工作,看你的机器配置而异!普通机器 1.7G 128M内存,得需要2小时,因此你现在可以喝杯茶,去做别的事了,我找一台C533,128MB的机器,好像编译花了6个多小时,郁闷呀...
--revision=2.6.24 这个参数是指定新内核的版本号
--append_to_version -686 这个参数是指定内核的子版本
.........................
喝茶,看电视球赛中...
.........................
哎,我的老电脑[Intel(R) Celeron(TM) CPU 1100MHz,128MB, 810主板]编译这一步,花了我3小时!
编译完成后,在/usr/src/kernels下生成linux-image-2.6.24-686_2.6.24_i386.deb文件,即在 linux新内核的上一级目录!
安装新的内核:
#dpkg -i linux-image-2.6.24-686_2.6.24_i386.deb
这时,会将新内核安装到相应的位置,同时会在/boot/grub/menu.lst增加新内核的条目:
title Debian GNU/Linux, kernel 2.6.24-686
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-686 root=/dev/hda1 ro
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-686
savedefault
title Debian GNU/Linux, kernel 2.6.24-686 (single-user mode)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-686 root=/dev/hda1 ro single
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-686
savedefault
这两条已经提到最前面,也就是说,如果我们没动这个文件的话,下次下机时,会去执行新的内核!
第四步,为iptables打补丁,并安装之...
进入iptables源代码目录:
#cd /usr/src/kernels/iptables-1.4.0
为源代码打上补丁:
#patch -p1 < ../netfilter-layer7-v2.17/iptables-1.4-for-kernel-2.6.20forward-layer7-2.17.patch
结果如下:
patching file extensions/libipt_layer7.c
patching file extensions/libipt_layer7.man
patching file extensions/.layer7-test
设置KERNEL_DIR 与 IPTABLES_DIR 环境变量,并开始编译安装:
#export KERNEL_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/linux
#export IPTABLES_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/iptables-1.4.0
#chmod +x extensions/.layer7-test
#make
#make install
安装Layer7第七层协议协议定义文件: /*TCP/IP第七层就是应用层,就是针对网络应用软件的设计,比如QQ,MSN等...
使用Layer模块时,请参考/etc/l7-protocols文件中的定义,各种协议,比如QQ,MSN的特征都在这个目下:
#cd /usr/src/kernels/l7-protocols-2008-02-20/
#make install
执行结果:
mkdir -p /etc/l7-protocols
cp -R * /etc/l7-protocols
看执行的结果就知道,它在做什么了!
这样新的内核都弄好了,iptables也装好了,就可以重新开机了!
重新开机后,就会执行新的内核和iptables,就可以测试它是否正常了!
#shutdown -r now
第五步,测试
先测试Kernel和iptables的版本是不是我们刚才编译的那个:
#uname -a
Linux aaa.aa.com 2.6.241980 #1 SMP Sun Aug 3 09:43:54 CST 2008 i686 GNU/Linux
#iptables -V
iptables v1.4.0
再测试iptables的layer7是否可用:
# iptables -m layer7 --help
iptables v1.4.0
Usage: iptables -[AD] chain rule-specification [options]
iptables -[RI] chain rulenum rule-specification [options]
iptables -D chain rulenum [options]
iptables -[LFZ] [chain] [options]
iptables -[NX] chain
iptables -E old-chain-name new-chain-name
iptables -P chain target [options]
iptables -h (print this help information)
Commands:
Either long or short options are allowed.
--append -A chain Append to chain
--delete -D chain Delete matching rule from chain
--delete -D chain rulenum
Delete rule rulenum (1 = first) from chain
--insert -I chain [rulenum]
Insert in chain as rulenum (default 1=first)
--replace -R chain rulenum
Replace rule rulenum (1 = first) in chain
--list -L [chain] List the rules in a chain or all chains
--flush -F [chain] Delete all rules in chain or all chains
--zero -Z [chain] Zero counters in chain or all chains
--new -N chain Create a new user-defined chain
--delete-chain
-X [chain] Delete a user-defined chain
--policy -P chain target
Change policy on chain to target
--rename-chain
-E old-chain new-chain
Change chain name, (moving any references)
Options:
--proto -p [!] proto protocol: by number or name, eg. `tcp'
--source -s [!] address[/mask]
source specification
--destination -d [!] address[/mask]
destination specification
--in-interface -i [!] input name[+]
network interface name ([+] for wildcard)
--jump -j target
target for rule (may load target extension)
--goto -g chain
jump to chain with no return
--match -m match
extended match (may load extension)
--numeric -n numeric output of addresses and ports
--out-interface -o [!] output name[+]
network interface name ([+] for wildcard)
--table -t table table to manipulate (default: `filter')
--verbose -v verbose mode
--line-numbers print line numbers when listing
--exact -x expand numbers (display exact values)
[!] --fragment -f match second or further fragments only
--modprobe=<command> try to insert modules using this command
--set-counters PKTS BYTES set the counter during insert/append
[!] --version -V print package version.
LAYER7 match v1.4.0 options:
--l7dir <directory> : Look for patterns here instead of /etc/l7-protocols/
(--l7dir must be specified before --l7proto if used!)
--l7proto [!] <name> : Match the protocol defined in /etc/l7-protocols/name.pat
还没增加layer7模块前的情况如下:
#iptables -m layer7 --help
iptables v1.3.6: Couldn't load match `layer7':/lib/iptables/libipt_layer7.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
Try `iptables -h' or 'iptables --help' for more information.
说明一切正常。
这时再测试一下能不能挡MSN和QQ[我们以这台机器为router为例,挡经过这个路由器的MSN和QQ封包]:
MSN,QQ & bt:
# iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP (禁止msn)
# iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrent -j DROP (禁止bt)
# iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto qq -j DROP (禁止QQ通讯)
看一下结果:
# iptables -L -t mangle
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
DROP all -- anywhere anywhere LAYER7 l7proto bittorrent
DROP all -- anywhere anywhere LAYER7 l7proto qq
DROP all -- anywhere anywhere LAYER7 l7proto msnmessenger
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
TCPMSS tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp flags:SYN,RST/SYN tcpmss match 1400:1536 TCPMSS clamp to PMTU
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
再尝试一下登录一下你的MSN,QQ以及BT软件,如果不能上线,恭喜你,成功了...
希望本文章能够帮到需要的网友们,晚安!
祖彬于2008年8月3日午夜...
本文终于2008年8月3日午夜
睡了........
到夜里12:00了...ZZZzzzzz~~zzz~zzzzZZZZ~~~!
参考文章:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://ms.ntcb.edu.tw/~steven/article/kernel-layer7-filter.htm
實作 Layer 7 封包過濾
參考資訊
* L7-filter Kernel Version HOWTO
* L7-filter 安裝實錄
下載檔案
要手動編譯新版本的核心並加入 layer7 封包過濾選項的話,需要俱備以下套件:
* linux kernel source
* iptables source
* l7-filter patch
* l7-filter protocols
在本文當中,所重新編譯的版本如下:
* kernel:2.6.24.4
* iptables:1.4.0
* l7-filter patch:2.17
* l7-filter protocols:2008-02-20
為了方便管理,把以上套件均放在 /usr/src/kernels。
0001
root # cd /usr/src/kernels/
可以選擇任何可下載網路檔案的工具,如 lynx、wget,或 mozilla、firefox 等等工具下載,在此範例使用 wget,方法如下:
root # wget http://www.cnblogs.com/1327/admin/ftp://ftp.tw.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.24.4.tar.bz2
root # wget http://www.cnblogs.com/1327/admin/ftp://ftp.netfilter.org/pub/iptables/iptables-1.4.0.tar.bz2
root # wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/l7-filter/netfilter-layer7-v2.17.tar.gz
root # wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/l7-filter/l7-protocols-2008-02-20.tar.gz
將套件解壓縮。
0001
root # tar -jxvf linux-2.6.24.4.tar.bz2; tar -zxvf l7-protocols-2008-02-20.tar.gz; tar -zxvf netfilter-layer7-v2.17.tar.gz; tar -jxvf iptables-1.4.0.tar.bz2
更新 kernel
為了安裝方便,我們為 linux-2.6.24.4 這個目錄建位一個軟連結,以便切換目錄。
更新 kernel patch,增加 layer7 filter 選項。
root # ln -s linux-2.6.24.4 linux; cd linux
若您想延續使用舊版 kernel 的選項的話,您可以把 .config 檔案複制到新 kernel 的目錄下,此時重新選擇項目時就會延用之前的設定。
為 kernel source 上 layer7 的 patch。
root # patch -p1 < ../netfilter-layer7-v2.17/kernel-2.6.22-2.6.24-layer7-2.17.patch
patching file net/netfilter/Kconfig
patching file net/netfilter/Makefile
patching file net/netfilter/xt_layer7.c
patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.c
patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.h
patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regmagic.h
patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regsub.c
patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c
patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_standalone.c
patching file include/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack.h
patching file include/linux/netfilter/xt_layer7.h
選擇 layer 7 相關選項
在 kernel 選項裡,需要把相關的設定選擇起來才可以,以下為完整有關 layer 7 的項目。
root # make menuconfig
General setup --->
[*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
Networking --->
Networking options --->
[*] Network packet filtering framework (Netfilter) --->
Core Netfilter Configuration --->
<M> Netfilter connection tracking support
-*- Connection tracking flow accounting
-*- Connection mark tracking support
[*] Connection tracking security mark support
[*] Connection tracking events (EXPERIMENTAL)
<M> SCTP protocol connection tracking support (EXPERIMENTAL)
<M> UDP-Lite protocol connection tracking support (EXPERIMENTAL)
<M> Amanda backup protocol support
<M> FTP protocol support
<M> H.323 protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)
<M> IRC protocol support
<M> NetBIOS name service protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)
<M> PPtP protocol support
<M> SANE protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)
<M> SIP protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)
<M> TFTP protocol support
<M> Connection tracking netlink interface (EXPERIMENTAL)
{M} Netfilter Xtables support (required for ip_tables)
<M> "CLASSIFY" target support
<M> "CONNMARK" target support
<M> "DSCP" target support
<M> "MARK" target support
<M> "NFQUEUE" target Support
<M> "NFLOG" target support
<M> "NOTRACK" target support
<M> "TRACE" target support
<M> "TRACE" target support
<M> "SECMARK" target support
<M> "CONNSECMARK" target support
<M> "TCPMSS" target support
<M> "comment" match support
<M> "connbytes" per-connection counter match support
<M> "connlimit" match support"
<M> "connmark" connection mark match support
<M> "conntrack" connection tracking match support
<M> "DCCP" protocol match support
<M> "DCCP" protocol match support
<M> "DSCP" match support
<M> "ESP" match support
<M> "helper" match support
<M> "length" match support
<M> "limit" match support
<M> "mac" address match support
<M> "mark" match support
<M> IPsec "policy" match support
<M> Multiple port match support
<M> "physdev" match support
<M> "pkttype" packet type match support
<M> "quota" match support
<M> "realm" match support
<M> "sctp" protocol match support (EXPERIMENTAL)
<M> "state" match support
<M> "layer7" match support
[*] Layer 7 debugging output
<M> "statistic" match support
<M> "string" match support
<M> "tcpmss" match support
<M> "time" match support
<M> "u32" match support
<M> "hashlimit" match support
IP: Netfilter Configuration --->
<M> IPv4 connection tracking support (required for NAT)
[*] proc/sysctl compatibility with old connection tracking (NEW
<M> IP Userspace queueing via NETLINK (OBSOLETE)
<M> IP tables support (required for filtering/masq/NAT)
<M> IP range match support
<M> TOS match support
<M> recent match support
<M> ECN match support
<M> AH match support
<M> TTL match support
<M> Owner match support
<M> address type match support
<M> Packet filtering
<M> REJECT target support
<M> LOG target support
<M> ULOG target support
<M> Full NAT (NEW)
<M> MASQUERADE target support
<M> REDIRECT target support
<M> NETMAP target support
<M> SAME target support (OBSOLETE)
<M> Basic SNMP-ALG support (EXPERIMENTAL)
<M> Packet mangling
<M> TOS target support
較為重要的是 "layer7" match support 項目與 IPv4 connection tracking support (required for NAT) 項目,若您不知道的話就請把 Core Netfilter Configuration 與 IP: Netfilter Configuration 裡的選項全部選起來即可。
廣 告
編譯並安裝新版核心
重 kernel 2.6 開始,編譯核心就變得更為簡單,只需要幾個 make 的指令即可,安裝完後會自動修改 GRUB 的選項,不需手動修改,減少了手動修改錯誤的危險。
root # make
root # make modules
root # make modules_install
root # make install
sh /usr/src/kernels/linux-2.6.24.4/arch/x86/boot/install.sh 2.6.24.4 arch/x86/boot/bzImage System.map "/boot"
更新 iptables patch
更新 iptables 需注意是否在現有的 kernel 中 netfilter 子系統相符合,若使用了不在 kernel 所支援的模組,在設定 iptables 會出現錯誤。以下指令可新增 laery7 模組的指令。
root # cd /usr/src/kernels/iptables-1.4.0
root # patch -p1 < ../netfilter-layer7-v2.17/iptables-1.4-for-kernel-2.6.20forward-layer7-2.17.patch
patching file extensions/libipt_layer7.c
patching file extensions/libipt_layer7.man
patching file extensions/.layer7-test
設定 KERNEL_DIR 與 IPTABLES_DIR 環境變數,並開始編譯安裝。
root # export KERNEL_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/linux; export IPTABLES_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/iptables-1.4.0
root # chmod +x extensions/.layer7-test
root # make && make install
root #
安裝通訊定議檔
使用 layer7 模組時,會參考 /etc/l7-protocols 目錄下的定議檔,各通訊協定的封包特徵會在 l7-protocols 的套件裡,解開之後直接安裝即可。
root # cd /usr/src/kernels/l7-protocols-2008-02-20
root # make install
mkdir -p /etc/l7-protocols
cp -R * /etc/l7-protocols
重新開機
重新編譯了核心之後,需要重新啟動電腦才能套用新的核心套件,請使用 uname 指令查看是否設定成功。
0001
0002
0003
root # uname -a; iptables -V
Linux localhost.localdomain 2.6.24.4 #1 SMP Thu Apr 10 23:21:08 CST 2008 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux
iptables v1.4.0
測試
MSN Messenger
以下測試會拒絕連出 MSN Menssenger 封包,在 iptables 的 OUTPUT 政策裡,我們在 X-Window 執行 GAIM 連出時,會發現 msnmessenger 的封包被 DROP。
語法:
iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP
root # iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP
root # iptables -L -n -v
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 3056 packets, 394K bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1274 packets, 159K bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
34 2584 DROP all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 LAYER7 l7proto msnmessenger
BitTorrent
第二個測試拒絕連出 BitTorrent 封包,我們在設定好拒絕 bittorrent 封包後,在本機使用 BT 下載檔案均失敗,可從 iptables 指令查出。
語法:
iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrent -j DROP
root # iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrent -j DROP
root # iptables -L -n -v
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 33768 packets, 33M bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 25235 packets, 2362K bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
91 6916 DROP all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 LAYER7 l7proto msnmessenger
78 7920 DROP all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 LAYER7 l7proto bittorrent
若您把 layer7 安裝在網路閘道 (Gateway) 上的話,那麼請使用 PREROUTING 或 FORWARD 連線才會有效。iptables 可參考 iptables 封包過瀘規則 (new window)。
後記:
若您打算在您的防火牆上使用 layer7 封包過濾功能的話,那麼所需的記憶體與 CPU 會更多,若您的使用者連線數同一時間超過百人,並且頻繁的取存網路的話,那麼可能需要考慮使用較高效能的網路卡與更多的記憶體。若您在啟用 layer7 功能後發現網路變得很慢的話,那麼就需要檢查您的網卡與記憶體是否足夠。
04/12/2008
首頁
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Debian Linux系统编译内核标准方式介绍
http://tech.itzero.com/2008/0728/article_38241.html
Debian 标准方式
关心一下有关 kernel-package、gcc、binutils 和 modutils 的错误报告。在需要时使用较新的版本。
在 Debian 系统中用源码编译自定义内核要特别小心。用 make-kpkg 的 --append_to_version 选项来创建多重内核镜像比较安全。
# apt-get install debhelper modutils kernel-package libncurses5-dev
# apt-get install kernel-source-2.4.18 # 使用最新版本
# apt-get install fakeroot
# vi /etc/kernel-pkg.conf # 输入我的名字和 email
$ cd /usr/src # 创建目录
$ tar --bzip2 -xvf kernel-source-2.4.18.tar.bz2
$ cd kernel-source-2.4.18 # 如果这是你的内核源码
$ cp /boot/config-2.4.18-386 .config # 将当前配置设定为默认配置
$ make menuconfig # 按自己的喜好来定制
$ make-kpkg clean # 必须执行这步(per: man make-kpkg)
$ fakeroot make-kpkg --append_to_version -486 --initrd --revision=rev.01 kernel_image modules_image # modules_image 可以是 pcmcia-cs* 等。
$ cd ..
# dpkg -i kernel-image*.deb pcmcia-cs*.deb # 安装
make-kpkg kernel_image 实际上执行了 make oldconfig 和 make dep。如果没使用 initrd 就不要使用 --initrd 选项。
如果想加载 pcmcia-cs 模块或内核 pcmcia 源码中没有的模块,应该在 make menuconfig 后选“General setup —>”进入“PCMCIA/CardBus support —>”,配置“< > PCMCIA/CardBus support”选项(例如,取消复选项)。
对于 SMP 机器,参照 kernel-pkg.conf(5) 的说明设置 CONCURRENCY_LEVEL。
参考iptables实例:
使用iptables layer-7 filter:
# iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto edonkey -j DROP (禁止edonkey)
# iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrent -j DROP (禁止bt)
# iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto qq -j DROP (禁止QQ通讯)
# iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP (禁止edonkey)
# iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto xunlei -j DROP (禁止迅雷)
# iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto kugoo -j DROP (禁止kugoo)
# iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto yahoo -j DROP (禁止Yahoo! Messenger)
本文来自CSDN博客,转载请标明出处:http://blog.csdn.net/zubin006/archive/2008/08/03/2760600.aspx