python之错误调试

  无论谁写的程序,必定会存在bug,解决bug需要我们去调试程序。于是乎,在Python中,就会好几种调试手段,如print、assert、logging、pdb、pdb.set_trace()

  一、使用print()函数直接打印

>>> def foo(s):
...     n = int(s)
...     print(n)
...     return 10 / n
...
>>> def main():
...     foo('0')
...
>>> main()
0
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in main
  File "<stdin>", line 4, in foo
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

  我们可以在认为可能出错的地方打印变量,但这有很大的弊端,因为打印的代码没有实际功能,都是垃圾信息。而且print最后还得删除,所以第二种方法是用assert替代print

  二、使用断言assert

>>> def foo(s):
...     n = int(s)
...     assert n != 0,'n的值是0!'
...     return 10 / n
...
>>> def main():
...     foo('0')
...
>>> main()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in main
  File "<stdin>", line 3, in foo
AssertionError: n的值是0!

  assert的意思,当后面的表达式为False时,就会抛出AssertionError,如果为True,什么都不做,直接到下一行。assert有一大特性:在启动python解释器的时候可以使用-O参数来关闭assert(大写的o)

PS E:\Python3.6.3\workspace> python -O err_assert.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "err_assert.py", line 9, in <module>
    main()
  File "err_assert.py", line 7, in main
    foo('0')
  File "err_assert.py", line 4, in foo
    return 10 / n
ZeroDivisionError: division by zer

  三、使用logging

import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
s = '0'
n = int(s)
logging.info('n=%d' % n)
print(10/n)

#执行结果
PS E:\Python3.6.3\workspace> python err_logginginfo.py
INFO:root:n=0
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "err_logginginfo.py", line 6, in <module>
    print(10/n)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

  使用logging不会抛出错误,直接输出到文件中。logging可以允许你指定记录信息的级别,级别由低到高分别是debug、info、warning、error、CRITICAL等级别,当定义高级别的时候,低级别的信息不会输出,这是把日志信息输出到控制台console,我们还可以通过设置把日志输出到文件中

  四、使用python的调试器pdb

  可以让程序以单步方式执行,方便我们随时查看运行状态

  新建程序err_pdb.py

s = '0'
n = int(s)
print(10 / n)

  然后以pdb模式启动

PS E:\Python3.6.3\workspace> python -m pdb err_pdb.py
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(1)<module>()
-> s = '0'
(Pdb) l
  1  -> s = '0'
  2     n = int(s)
  3     print(10 / n)
[EOF]
(Pdb) n
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(2)<module>()
-> n = int(s)
(Pdb) p s
'0'
(Pdb) p n
*** NameError: name 'n' is not defined
(Pdb) n
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(3)<module>()
-> print(10 / n)
(Pdb) p n
0
(Pdb) p s
'0'
(Pdb) n
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(3)<module>()
-> print(10 / n)
(Pdb) n
--Return--
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(3)<module>()->None
-> print(10 / n)
(Pdb) n
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
> <string>(1)<module>()->None
(Pdb) n
--Return--
> <string>(1)<module>()->None
(Pdb) n
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "E:\Python3.6.3\lib\pdb.py", line 1667, in main
    pdb._runscript(mainpyfile)
  File "E:\Python3.6.3\lib\pdb.py", line 1548, in _runscript
    self.run(statement)
  File "E:\Python3.6.3\lib\bdb.py", line 431, in run
    exec(cmd, globals, locals)
  File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
  File "e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py", line 3, in <module>
    print(10 / n)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
Uncaught exception. Entering post mortem debugging
Running 'cont' or 'step' will restart the program
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(3)<module>()->None
-> print(10 / n)
(Pdb) q
Post mortem debugger finished. The err_pdb.py will be restarted
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(1)<module>()
-> s = '0'
(Pdb) n
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(2)<module>()
-> n = int(s)
(Pdb) q
PS E:\Python3.6.3\workspace>
小写字母l,可以列出所有要执行的代码;

n 命令表示单步执行代码;

p 后面加上变量名,可以随时查看变量的值;

在pdb模式中,对于还没有单步执行到的代码,相关的变量的变更是无效的;

q 命令退出当前调试,进入重新从头开始调试,再次输入q,就会推出调试程序。

这种方式的调试,有一个弊端,就是只能一步一步的执行下去,如果程序有很多行,岂不是累死。

  五、使用pdb.set_trace()

#err_pdb.py
import pdb

s = '0'
n = int(s)
pdb.set_trace() #程序运行到这里会自动停止,等待命令
print(10 / n)

  我们可以使用l、c、n、p、q等命令来控制和查看程序

PS E:\Python3.6.3\workspace> python err_pdb.py
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(7)<module>()
-> print(10 / n)
(Pdb) p s
'0'
(Pdb) l
  2     import pdb
  3
  4     s = '0'
  5     n = int(s)
  6     pdb.set_trace() #程序运行到这里会自动停止,等待命令
  7  -> print(10 / n)
[EOF]
(Pdb) n
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(7)<module>()
-> print(10 / n)
(Pdb) c
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "err_pdb.py", line 7, in <module>
    print(10 / n)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

 

posted @ 2019-04-23 17:31  W的一天  阅读(1206)  评论(2编辑  收藏  举报