c++ gstreamer使用
1，gstream是个啥？
GStreamer 是用来构建流媒体应用的开源多媒体框架，实际上就是可以用来解码mp4的一个东东。
2，编译安装
我的开发模块的ubuntu18.04系统自带gstream，并且交由pkg-config管理，灰常方便。就不用编译安装等一通操作了。
gstreamer的各种目录：
pkg-config --cflags --libs gstreamer-1.0 #返回 -pthread -I/usr/include/gstreamer-1.0 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/glib-2.0/include -lgstreamer-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lglib-2.0
gstreamer的pc文件的目录：
/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/pkgconfig/gstreamer-1.0.pc
编译命令灰常简单啦，我猜应当是这样滴：
g++ test.cpp -o test `pkg-config --cflags --libs gstreamer-1.0`
3，gstreamer支持命令行操作
Gstreamer自带了gst-inspect-1.0和gst-launch-1.0命令行工具
#输入命令： gst-launch-1.0 --help Usage: gst-launch-1.0 [OPTION…] PIPELINE-DESCRIPTION Help Options: -h, --help Show help options --help-all Show all help options --help-gst Show GStreamer Options Application Options: -t, --tags Output tags (also known as metadata) -c, --toc Output TOC (chapters and editions) -v, --verbose Output status information and property notifications -q, --quiet Do not print any progress information -m, --messages Output messages -X, --exclude=PROPERTY-NAME Do not output status information for the specified property if verbose output is enabled (can be used multiple times) -f, --no-fault Do not install a fault handler -e, --eos-on-shutdown Force EOS on sources before shutting the pipeline down --version Print version information and exit
#输入命令： ~/temp/gsm$ gst-inspect-1.0 --help Usage: gst-inspect-1.0 [OPTION…] [ELEMENT-NAME | PLUGIN-NAME] Help Options: -h, --help Show help options --help-all Show all help options --help-gst Show GStreamer Options Application Options: -a, --print-all Print all elements -b, --print-blacklist Print list of blacklisted files --print-plugin-auto-install-info Print a machine-parsable list of features the specified plugin or all plugins provide. Useful in connection with external automatic plugin installation mechanisms --plugin List the plugin contents -t, --types A slashes ('/') separated list of types of elements (also known as klass) to list. (unordered) --exists Check if the specified element or plugin exists --atleast-version When checking if an element or plugin exists, also check that its version is at least the version specified -u, --uri-handlers Print supported URI schemes, with the elements that implement them --version Print version information and exit
调用命令行参数播放mp3
gst-launch-1.0 playbin uri=file:///d:/gstreamer/music.mp3
调用命令行播放mp4或者流媒体
gst-launch-1.0 playbin uri=file:///d:/gstreamer/36.mp4 #file后面是，冒号，绝对路径
gst-launch-1.0 playbin uri=file:///rtsp://xxx:xxxxx@44.44.44.44/h264/ch1/main/av_stream
4,gstreamer配置windows环境：
这个就比较厉害了，并不需要源码编译哦，两个exe直接执行一下就可以了。
详细教程请参考：感谢作者系列。
只需要注意两件事：
1，第一次运行应该会提示你，缺少libstreamer-1.0-0.dll,在哪里呢？我的动态库在D:\gstreamer\1.0\x86_64\bin下，为了保险，我干脆把该文件夹下所有的dll和exe都拷贝到了运行文件夹下。
2，需要配置一个环境变量，GST_PLUGIN_PATH，内容写到D:\gstreamer\1.0\x86_64
5，开发
参考官网教程
1），基本教程1
如下是开发文档上的，目前跑起来除了能打印finish以外，啥也不能做，主要是知道几个api就可以了：
gst_init（）初始化GStreamer 。
gst_parse_launch（）从文本描述快速构建管道 。
playbin创建自动播放管道。
gst_element_set_state（）通知GStreamer开始播放 。
gst_element_get_bus（）和gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered（）来释放资源
#include <iostream> #include <gst/gst.h> #include <glib.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { GstElement *pipeline; GstBus *bus; GstMessage *msg; /* Initialize GStreamer */ gst_init(&argc, &argv); //初始化gstream，这是使用项目的前提， /* Build the pipeline */ pipeline =gst_parse_launch("playbin uri=file:///D:/gstream/1.mp4",NULL); //gst_parse_launch使用系统预设的管道来处理流媒体。如果我没理解错的话，gst_parse_launch创建的是一个由playbin单元素组成的管道 //当然你也可以不使用系统预设，那么你就需要手动组装了。 /* Start playing */ gst_element_set_state(pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING); //将我们的元素设置为playing状态才能开始播放 /* Wait until error or EOS */ bus = gst_element_get_bus(pipeline); //Returns the bus of the element？？不太能懂，大约就是获取一个可以操作的pipeline对象吧 msg =gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered(bus, GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE,GST_MESSAGE_ERROR ); //| GST_MESSAGE_EOS //遇到错误或者播放完毕以后gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered（）会返回一条消息 /* Free resources */ if (msg != NULL) { gst_message_unref(msg); //需要使用gst_message_unref（）将msg释放,此函数专门清除gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered gst_object_unref(bus); gst_element_set_state(pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL); gst_object_unref(pipeline); } printf("finish"); return 0; }
2）创建元件并且链接起来
#include <gst/gst.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { GstElement *pipeline, *source, *sink; GstBus *bus; GstMessage *msg; GstStateChangeReturn ret; /* Initialize GStreamer */ gst_init(&argc, &argv); /* Create the elements */ source = gst_element_factory_make("videotestsrc", "source"); sink = gst_element_factory_make("autovideosink", "sink"); //创建元件，参数：元件的类型，元件名称 //videotestsrc是一个源元素（它产生数据），它创建一个测试视频模式。 //autovideosink是一个接收器元素（它消耗数据），它在窗口上显示它接收到的图像。 /* Create the empty pipeline */ pipeline = gst_pipeline_new("test-pipeline"); //创建管道，管道是一种特殊类型的bin，（估计就是箱柜） if (!pipeline || !source || !sink) { g_printerr("Not all elements could be created.\n"); return -1; } /* Build the pipeline */ gst_bin_add_many(GST_BIN(pipeline), source, sink, NULL); //向管道中添加元件，以null结尾，添加单个和可以，函数是：gst_bin_add() if (gst_element_link(source, sink) != TRUE) { g_printerr("Elements could not be linked.\n"); gst_object_unref(pipeline); return -1; } /* Modify the source's properties */ g_object_set(source, "pattern", 0, NULL); //修改元件的属性 /* Start playing */ ret = gst_element_set_state(pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING); if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE) { g_printerr("Unable to set the pipeline to the playing state.\n"); gst_object_unref(pipeline); return -1; } //设置管道开始工作 //调用gst_element_set_state()，并且检查其返回值是否有错误。 /* Wait until error or EOS */ bus = gst_element_get_bus(pipeline); //获取pipeline的总线 msg = gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered(bus, GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE, GST_MESSAGE_ERROR ); //gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered()等待执行结束并返回GstMessage /* Parse message： GstMessage是一种非常通用的结构， 通过使用 GST_MESSAGE_TYPE()宏可以获得其中的消息 */ if (msg != NULL) { GError *err; gchar *debug_info; switch (GST_MESSAGE_TYPE(msg)) { case GST_MESSAGE_ERROR: gst_message_parse_error(msg, &err, &debug_info); g_printerr("Error received from element %s: %s\n", GST_OBJECT_NAME(msg->src), err->message); g_printerr("Debugging information: %s\n", debug_info ? debug_info : "none"); g_clear_error(&err); g_free(debug_info); break; case GST_MESSAGE_EOS: g_print("End-Of-Stream reached.\n"); break; default: /* We should not reach here because we only asked for ERRORs and EOS */ g_printerr("Unexpected message received.\n"); break; } gst_message_unref(msg); } /* Free resources */ gst_object_unref(bus); gst_element_set_state(pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL); gst_object_unref(pipeline); return 0; }
重点：
如何使用创建元素 gst_element_factory_make()
如何使用创建空管道 gst_pipeline_new()
如何使用以下方法向管道添加元素 gst_bin_add_many()
如何将元素彼此链接在一起 gst_element_link()
这个程序跑起来就是出现一个花屏的窗口，让人惊讶的是，它耗费很少的内存和cpu，反正肉眼没看出来，耗费比较多的inter显卡，大约8%的样子。
3），添加衬垫，添加回调，手动链接衬垫，
网络原因，这个代码编译没问题，但是跑不起来
#include <gst/gst.h> /* Structure to contain all our information, so we can pass it to callbacks */ typedef struct _CustomData { GstElement *pipeline; GstElement *source; GstElement *convert; GstElement *resample; GstElement *sink; } CustomData; //先建立一个结构，里面放了一个pipeline指针和四个元件指针 /* Handler for the pad-added signal */ static void pad_added_handler(GstElement *src, GstPad *pad, CustomData *data); //声明一个函数，叫添加衬垫的函数pad_added_handler。 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { CustomData data; GstBus *bus; GstMessage *msg; GstStateChangeReturn ret; gboolean terminate = FALSE; /* Initialize GStreamer */ gst_init(&argc, &argv); //同样需要先初始化 /* Create the elements */ data.source = gst_element_factory_make("uridecodebin", "source"); data.convert = gst_element_factory_make("audioconvert", "convert"); data.resample = gst_element_factory_make("audioresample", "resample"); data.sink = gst_element_factory_make("autoaudiosink", "sink"); /* Create the empty pipeline */ data.pipeline = gst_pipeline_new("test-pipeline"); //先把data里的信息创建出来，创建了一个pipeline和四个元件 if (!data.pipeline || !data.source || !data.convert || !data.resample || !data.sink) { g_printerr("Not all elements could be created.\n"); return -1; } /* Build the pipeline. Note that we are NOT linking the source at this * point. We will do it later. */ gst_bin_add_many(GST_BIN(data.pipeline), data.source, data.convert, data.resample, data.sink, NULL); if (!gst_element_link_many(data.convert, data.resample, data.sink, NULL)) { g_printerr("Elements could not be linked.\n"); gst_object_unref(data.pipeline); return -1; } /* Set the URI to play */ g_object_set(data.source, "uri", "https://www.freedesktop.org/software/gstreamer-sdk/data/media/sintel_trailer-480p.webm", NULL); //大约是将source元件的衬垫链接到某个网址上 /* Connect to the pad-added signal */ g_signal_connect(data.source, "pad-added", G_CALLBACK(pad_added_handler), &data); //GSignals是GStreamer中的关键点。它们使您可以在发生事情时（通过回调）得到通知，所以我们为source元件添加了一个回调 //这个回调好像没有传递参数啊喂，好吧，官方是真么说的：src是GstElement触发信号的。在此示例中，它只能是uridecodebin。newpad是刚刚添加到src元素中的，我理解为哦我们为source添加回调这件事就是增加了一个衬垫，data是当作指针来传递信号的 /* Start playing */ ret = gst_element_set_state(data.pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING); if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE) { g_printerr("Unable to set the pipeline to the playing state.\n"); gst_object_unref(data.pipeline); return -1; } /* Listen to the bus */ bus = gst_element_get_bus(data.pipeline); do { msg = gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered(bus, GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE, GST_MESSAGE_ANY); //等待执行结束并且返回 //顺带说一句，以前的老语法是GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED | GST_MESSAGE_ERROR | GST_MESSAGE_EOS这样的，所以下文中的case用的是这几个错误信息，但是现在这个语法不被支持了。嗯嗯 /* Parse message */ if (msg != NULL) { GError *err; gchar *debug_info; switch (GST_MESSAGE_TYPE(msg)) { case GST_MESSAGE_ERROR: gst_message_parse_error(msg, &err, &debug_info); g_printerr("Error received from element %s: %s\n", GST_OBJECT_NAME(msg->src), err->message); g_printerr("Debugging information: %s\n", debug_info ? debug_info : "none"); g_clear_error(&err); g_free(debug_info); terminate = TRUE; break; case GST_MESSAGE_EOS: g_print("End-Of-Stream reached.\n"); terminate = TRUE; break; case GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED: /* We are only interested in state-changed messages from the pipeline */ if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC(msg) == GST_OBJECT(data.pipeline)) { GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state; gst_message_parse_state_changed(msg, &old_state, &new_state, &pending_state); g_print("Pipeline state changed from %s to %s:\n", gst_element_state_get_name(old_state), gst_element_state_get_name(new_state)); } break; default: /* We should not reach here */ g_printerr("Unexpected message received.\n"); break; } gst_message_unref(msg); } } while (!terminate); //只要不中止，就一直监视执行结束的状态 /* Free resources */ gst_object_unref(bus); gst_element_set_state(data.pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL); gst_object_unref(data.pipeline); return 0; } /* This function will be called by the pad-added signal */ static void pad_added_handler(GstElement *src, GstPad *new_pad, CustomData *data) { GstPad *sink_pad = gst_element_get_static_pad(data->convert, "sink"); //pipeline的链接顺序是：source-convert-resample-sink，我们为source添加了回调，然后此处在回调内部获取了convert的对应的衬垫 GstPadLinkReturn ret; GstCaps *new_pad_caps = NULL; GstStructure *new_pad_struct = NULL; const gchar *new_pad_type = NULL; g_print("Received new pad '%s' from '%s':\n", GST_PAD_NAME(new_pad), GST_ELEMENT_NAME(src)); /* If our converter is already linked, we have nothing to do here */ if (gst_pad_is_linked(sink_pad)) { g_print("We are already linked. Ignoring.\n"); goto exit; } //此处应该是检查新为source添加的衬垫是不是已经链接到了convert衬垫 /* Check the new pad's type */ new_pad_caps = gst_pad_get_current_caps(new_pad); new_pad_struct = gst_caps_get_structure(new_pad_caps, 0); new_pad_type = gst_structure_get_name(new_pad_struct); if (!g_str_has_prefix(new_pad_type, "audio/x-raw")) { g_print("It has type '%s' which is not raw audio. Ignoring.\n", new_pad_type); goto exit; } //检查这个衬垫当前输出的数据类型，经过一番解析，如果发现里面没有"audio/x-raw"，那说明这不是解码音频的 /* Attempt the link */ ret = gst_pad_link(new_pad, sink_pad); if (GST_PAD_LINK_FAILED(ret)) { g_print("Type is '%s' but link failed.\n", new_pad_type); } else { g_print("Link succeeded (type '%s').\n", new_pad_type); } //如果两个衬垫没链接，那就人为地链接起来 exit: //这个语法就厉害了，首先定义了一个exit标号，如果前文中goto exit;那转到的就将会是此处 /* Unreference the new pad's caps, if we got them */ if (new_pad_caps != NULL) gst_caps_unref(new_pad_caps); /* Unreference the sink pad */ gst_object_unref(sink_pad); }
6，开发2
参考自己下载的pdf教程
1），打印gstreamer的版本信息：
#include <iostream> #include <gst/gst.h> #include <glib.h> //#include <gst/gst.h> int main(int argc,char *argv[]) { const gchar *nano_str; guint major, minor, micro, nano; gst_init(&argc, &argv); gst_version(&major, &minor, µ, &nano); if (nano == 1) nano_str = "(CVS)"; else if (nano == 2) nano_str = "(Prerelease)"; else nano_str = ""; printf("This program is linked against GStreamer %d.%d.%d %s\n",major, minor, micro, nano_str); return 0; }
2），gstreamer封装的argparse
运行命令：xxx.exe --help
#include <iostream> #include <gst/gst.h> #include <glib.h> #include <gst/gst.h> int main(int argc,char *argv[]) { gboolean silent = FALSE; gchar *savefile = NULL; GOptionContext *ctx; GError *err = NULL; GOptionEntry entries[] = { { "silent", 's', 0, G_OPTION_ARG_NONE, &silent,"do not output status information", NULL }, { "output", 'o', 0, G_OPTION_ARG_STRING, &savefile,"save xml representation of pipeline to FILE and exit", "FILE" }, { NULL } }; ctx = g_option_context_new("- Your application"); g_option_context_add_main_entries(ctx, entries, NULL); g_option_context_add_group(ctx, gst_init_get_option_group()); if (!g_option_context_parse(ctx, &argc, &argv, &err)) { g_print("Failed to initialize: %s\n", err->message); g_error_free(err); return 1; } printf("Run me with --help to see the Application options appended.\n"); return 0; }
3),创建gst元件对象
gst_element_factory_make
#include <iostream> #include <gst/gst.h> #include <glib.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { GstElement *element; gchar *name; /* init GStreamer */ gst_init(&argc, &argv); /* create element */ element = gst_element_factory_make("fakesrc", "source"); //创建一个jst元件 if (!element) { g_print("Failed to create element of type 'fakesrc'\n"); return -1; } else { g_print("gstelement ok!\n"); } element = gst_element_factory_make("fakesrc", "source"); /* get name */ g_object_get(G_OBJECT(element), "name", &name, NULL); //g_object_get获取gobject对象的名字属性 g_print("The name of the element is '%s'.\n", name); g_free(name); gst_object_unref(GST_OBJECT(element)); //释放jst元件，必须手动释放 return 0; }
元件的四种状态：
GST_STATE_NULL: 默认状态。该状态将会回收所有被该元件占用的资源。
GST_STATE_READY: 准备状态。元件会得到所有所需的全局资源，这些全局资源将被通过该元 件的数据流所使用。例如打开设备、分配缓存等。但在这种状态下，数据流仍未开始被处 理，所 以数据流的位置信息应该自动置 0。如果数据流先前被打开过，它应该被关闭，并且其位置信 息、特性信息应该被重新置为初始状态。
GST_STATE_PAUSED: 在这种状态下，元件已经对流开始了处理，但此刻暂停了处理。因此该 状态下元件可以修改流的位置信息，读取或者处理流数据，以及一旦状态变为 PLAYING，流可 以重放数据流。这种情况下，时钟是禁止运行的。总之， PAUSED 状态除了不能运行时钟外， 其它与 PLAYING 状态一模一样。处于 PAUSED 状态的元件会很快变换到 PLAYING 状态。举 例来说，视频或音频输出元件会等待数据的到来，并将它们压入队列。一旦状态改变，元件就会 处理接收到的数据。同样，视频接收元件能够播放数据的第 一帧。(因为这并不会影响时钟)。自 动加载器（Autopluggers）可以对已经加载进管道的插件进行这种状态转换。其它更多的像 codecs 或者 filters 这种元件不需要在这个状态上做任何事情。
GST_STATE_PLAYING: PLAYING 状态除了当前运行时钟外，其它与 PAUSED 状态一模一 样。你可以通过函数 gst_element_set_state()来改变一个元件的状态。你如果显式地改变一个元件 的状态，GStreamer 可能会 使它在内部经过一些中间状态。例如你将一个元件从 NULL 状态设 置为 PLAYING 状态，GStreamer 在其内部会使得元件经历过 READY 以及 PAUSED 状态。 当处于 GST_STATE_PLAYING 状态，管道会自动处理数据。它们不需要任何形式的迭代。
4），查看插件
#include <iostream> #include <gst/gst.h> #include <glib.h> int main(int argc,char *argv[]) { GstElementFactory *factory; //声明插件，插件是GstElementFactory /* init GStreamer */ gst_init(&argc, &argv); /* get factory */ factory = gst_element_factory_find("audiotestsrc"); //寻找系统里是否有这个插件 if (!factory) { g_print("You don't have the 'audiotestsrc' element installed!\n"); return -1; } /* display information */ g_print("The '%s' element is a member of the category %s.\n" "Description: %s\n", gst_plugin_feature_get_name(GST_PLUGIN_FEATURE(factory)), gst_element_factory_get_klass(factory), gst_element_factory_get_description(factory)); //打印出插件的信息 return 0; }
这个功能就像是命令行里的如下命令：
gst-inspect-1.0 audiotestsrc #gst-inspect-1.0 加插件名
5），链接元件
gst_bin_add_many
gst_element_link
#include <iostream> #include <gst/gst.h> #include <glib.h> #include <gst/gst.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { GstElement *pipeline; GstElement *source, *filter, *sink; //声明一个源元件，过滤元件和接收元件 /* init */ gst_init(&argc, &argv); /* create pipeline */ pipeline = gst_pipeline_new("my-pipeline"); /* create elements */ source = gst_element_factory_make("fakesrc", "source"); filter = gst_element_factory_make("identity", "filter"); sink = gst_element_factory_make("fakesink", "sink"); //选择3个插件创建3个不同的元件 /* must add elements to pipeline before linking them */ gst_bin_add_many(GST_BIN(pipeline), source, filter, sink, NULL); /* link */ if (!gst_element_link_many(source, filter, sink, NULL)) { g_warning("Failed to link elements!"); } return 0; }
6），箱柜（箱柜本身是一个元件，但是它内部还可以是一串链接起来的元件）
gst_pipeline_new
#include <iostream> #include <gst/gst.h> #include <glib.h> #include <gst/gst.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { GstElement *bin, *pipeline, *source, *sink; /* init */ gst_init(&argc, &argv); /* create */ pipeline = gst_pipeline_new("my_pipeline"); bin = gst_pipeline_new("my_bin"); //创建箱柜：gst_pipeline_new和gst_bin_new source = gst_element_factory_make("fakesrc", "source"); sink = gst_element_factory_make("fakesink", "sink"); /* set up pipeline */ gst_bin_add_many(GST_BIN(bin), source, sink, NULL); gst_bin_add(GST_BIN(pipeline), bin); //添加元件到箱柜 gst_bin_remove(GST_BIN(bin),sink); //从箱柜中移除元件，移除的元件自动被销毁， gst_element_link(source, sink); //链接元件，因为sink元件被我移除了，所以可能实际上运行不起来 gst_object_unref(GST_OBJECT(source)); gst_object_unref(GST_OBJECT(sink)); return 0; }
7），bus总线
获取bus总线：gst_pipeline_get_bus
在总线上添加一个回调函数（官方语言叫watch）：gst_bus_add_watch
#include <gst/gst.h> static GMainLoop *loop; static gboolean my_bus_callback(GstBus *bus,GstMessage *message,gpointer data) { g_print("Got %s message\n", GST_MESSAGE_TYPE_NAME(message)); switch (GST_MESSAGE_TYPE(message)) { case GST_MESSAGE_ERROR: { GError *err; gchar *debug; gst_message_parse_error(message, &err, &debug); g_print("Error: %s\n", err->message); g_error_free(err); g_free(debug); g_main_loop_quit(loop); break; } case GST_MESSAGE_EOS: /* end-of-stream */ g_main_loop_quit(loop); break; default: /* unhandled message */ g_print("something happend!\n"); break; } /* we want to be notified again the next time there is a message * on the bus, so returning TRUE (FALSE means we want to stop watching * for messages on the bus and our callback should not be called again) */ return TRUE; } gint main(gint argc,gchar *argv[]) { GstElement *pipeline; GstBus *bus; /* init */ gst_init(&argc, &argv); /* create pipeline, add handler */ pipeline = gst_pipeline_new("my_pipeline"); /* adds a watch for new message on our pipeline's message bus to * the default GLib main context, which is the main context that our * GLib main loop is attached to below */ bus = gst_pipeline_get_bus(GST_PIPELINE(pipeline)); //首先获取总线 gst_bus_add_watch(bus, my_bus_callback, NULL); //然后添加一个消息处理器：设置消息处理器到管道的总线上gst_bus_add_watch () gst_object_unref(bus); /* create a mainloop that runs/iterates the default GLib main context * (context NULL), in other words: makes the context check if anything * it watches for has happened. When a message has been posted on the * bus, the default main context will automatically call our * my_bus_callback() function to notify us of that message. * The main loop will be run until someone calls g_main_loop_quit() */ loop = g_main_loop_new(NULL, FALSE); g_main_loop_run(loop); /* clean up */ gst_element_set_state(pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL); /*gst_element_unref(pipeline); gst_main_loop_unref(loop);*/ return 0; }
