【WiFi开发全攻略】WIFI常用工具汇总
本节主要介绍我们开发过程中，WiFi常用的开发工具，内容主要介绍工具种类以及基本的使用方法，更多使用可以见后面章节。
1、iwconfig
iwconfig 是一个用于配置和显示无线网络接口参数的命令行工具。它通常与 Linux 下的无线网络设备一起使用，允许用户查看和更改无线网络接口的各种设置。
# iwconfig --help
Usage: iwconfig [interface]
interface essid {NNN|any|on|off}
interface mode {managed|ad-hoc|master|...}
interface freq N.NNN[k|M|G]
interface channel N
interface bit {N[k|M|G]|auto|fixed}
interface rate {N[k|M|G]|auto|fixed}
interface enc {NNNN-NNNN|off}
interface key {NNNN-NNNN|off}
interface power {period N|timeout N|saving N|off}
interface nickname NNN
interface nwid {NN|on|off}
interface ap {N|off|auto}
interface txpower {NmW|NdBm|off|auto}
interface sens N
interface retry {limit N|lifetime N}
interface rts {N|auto|fixed|off}
interface frag {N|auto|fixed|off}
interface modulation {11g|11a|CCK|OFDMg|...}
interface commit
Check man pages for more details.
常用命令如下：
iwconfig wlan0 # 查看wlan0网卡信息
iwconfig wlan0 essid off # essid配置
iwconfig wlan0 freq 2422000000 # 设置频率
iwconfig wlan0 freq 2.422G # 设置频率
iwconfig wlan0 channel 3 # 设置信道
iwconfig wlan0 channel auto # 设置信道
iwconfig wlan0 modu 11g # 强制设置调制方式
iwconfig wlan0 modu CCK OFDMa # 强制设置调制方式
iwconfig wlan0 modu auto # 强制设置调制方式
iwconfig wlan0 txpower 15 # 设置发射功率为15dBm
iwconfig wlan0 txpower 30mW # 设置发射功率：dBm=30+log(W)
iwconfig wlan0 txpower auto # 设置自动选择发射功率
iwconfig wlan0 txpower off # 关闭发射单元
iwconfig wlan0 sens -80 # 负数为接收灵敏度下限，低则表信号差，网卡会采取措施
iwconfig wlan0 sens 2 # 正数表示百分比
iwconfig wlan0 retry 16 # 设置最大重传次数
iwconfig wlan0 retry lifetime 300m # 设置最长重试时间，默认单位为秒
iwconfig wlan0 retry min limit 8 # 若支持自动模式，min和max指定上下限
iwconfig wlan0 rts 250 # 设置握手最小包的大小，等于最大值表禁止该机制
iwconfig wlan0 rts off # auto/off/fixed禁止RTS/CTS握手方式
iwconfig wlan0 frag 512 # 设置发送数据包的分片大小
iwconfig wlan0 frag off # auto/fixed/off允许Burst模式
iwconfig wlan0 power period 2 # 指定唤醒的周期，默认单位为秒
iwconfig wlan0 power 500m unicast # all/unicast/multicast指定允许唤醒的数据包类型
iwconfig wlan0 power timeout 300u all # all/unicast/multicast指定允许唤醒的数据包类型
iwconfig wlan0 power off # off/on参数指定是否允许电源管理
iwconfig wlan0 power min period 2 power max period 4 # 指定唤醒的周期
2、iwlist
iwlist 是一个用于显示无线网络接口附近的网络信息的命令行工具。它可以用于扫描附近的无线网络，并显示它们的详细信息。
# iwlist
Usage: iwlist [interface] scanning [essid NNN] [last]
[interface] frequency
[interface] channel
[interface] bitrate
[interface] rate
[interface] encryption
[interface] keys
[interface] power
[interface] txpower
[interface] retry
[interface] ap
[interface] accesspoints
[interface] peers
[interface] event
[interface] auth
[interface] wpakeys
[interface] genie
[interface] modulation
基础命令如下：
iwlist wlan0 scan[ning] # 列出WiFi扫描结果
iwlist wlan0 freq[uency]/channel # 列出当前地区可用频率
iwlist wlan0 rate/bit[rate] # 列出支持的连接速度
iwlist wlan0 keys/enc[ryption] # 列出所支持的加密密钥大小
iwlist wlan0 power # 列出电源模式
iwlist wlan0 txpower # 列出传输功耗
iwlist wlan0 retry # 列出重连限制与次数
iwlist wlan0 ap/accesspoint/peers # 列出热点信息
iwlist wlan0 event # 列出设备支持的无线事件
iwlist wlan0 auth # 列出当前设置的WPA认证参数
iwlist wlan0 wpa[keys] # 列出设备中设置的所有WPA加密密钥
iwlist wlan0 genie # 列出设置的通用信息元素
iwlist wlan0 modu[lation] # 列出设备支持的调制和当前启用的调制
iwlist --version # 列出版本信息
iwlist --help # 列出帮助信息
3、iwgetid
iwgetid 是一个用于获取当前连接的无线网络信息的命令行工具。它可以显示当前系统中已连接的无线网络的 SSID（服务集标识符）和接口名称。
# iwgetid -h
Usage iwgetid [OPTIONS] [ifname]
Options are:
-a,--ap Print the access point address
-c,--channel Print the current channel
-f,--freq Print the current frequency
-m,--mode Print the current mode
-p,--protocol Print the protocol name
-r,--raw Format the output as raw value for shell scripts
-s,--scheme Format the output as a PCMCIA scheme identifier
-h,--help Print this message
常用命令如下：
# iwgetid -a # 获取接入点MAC地址
wlan0 Access Point/Cell: 24:4B:FE:36:E7:68
# iwgetid -c # 获取接入点当前通道
wlan0 Channel:2
# iwgetid -f # 查看接入点频率
wlan0 Frequency:2.417 GHz
# iwgetid -m # 查看网卡当前模式
wlan0 Mode:Managed
# iwgetid -p # 获取协议
wlan0 Protocol Name:"IEEE 802.11"
4、iw
这个命令好多朋友经常不用这么复杂的工具，但是有必要了解。
iw 是一个用于配置和管理无线网络设备的命令行工具。它提供了丰富的功能，包括显示无线网络设备信息、扫描附近的无线网络、配置连接参数等。
# iw
Usage: iw [options] command
Options:
--debug enable netlink debugging
--version show version (5.19)
Commands:
dev <devname> ap stop
dev <devname> ap start
phy <phyname> coalesce show
phy <phyname> coalesce disable
phy <phyname> coalesce enable <config-file>
dev <devname> auth <SSID> <bssid> <type:open|shared> <freq in MHz> [key 0:abcde d:1:6162636465]
dev <devname> connect [-w] <SSID> [<freq in MHz>] [<bssid>] [auth open|shared] [key 0:abcde d:1:6162636465] [mfp:req/opt/no]
dev <devname> disconnect
dev <devname> cqm rssi <threshold|off> [<hysteresis>]
event [-t|-T|-r] [-f]
dev <devname> ftm start_responder [lci=<lci buffer in hex>] [civic=<civic buffer in hex>]
dev <devname> ftm get_stats
phy <phyname> hwsim wakequeues
phy <phyname> hwsim stopqueues
phy <phyname> hwsim setps <value>
phy <phyname> hwsim getps
dev <devname> ibss join <SSID> <freq in MHz> [NOHT|HT20|HT40+|HT40-|5MHz|10MHz|80MHz] [fixed-freq] [<fixed bssid>] [beacon-interval <TU>] [basic-rates <rate in Mbps,rate2,...>] [mcast-rate <rate in Mbps>] [key d:0:abcde]
dev <devname> ibss leave
features
commands
phy
list
phy <phyname> info
dev <devname> switch channel <channel> [NOHT|HT20|HT40+|HT40-|5MHz|10MHz|80MHz] [beacons <count>] [block-tx]
dev <devname> switch freq <freq> [NOHT|HT20|HT40+|HT40-|5MHz|10MHz|80MHz] [beacons <count>] [block-tx]
dev <devname> switch freq <control freq> [5|10|20|40|80|80+80|160] [<center1_freq> [<center2_freq>]] [beacons <count>] [block-tx]
dev
dev <devname> info
dev <devname> del
dev <devname> interface add <name> type <type> [mesh_id <meshid>] [4addr on|off] [flags <flag>*] [addr <mac-addr>]
phy <phyname> interface add <name> type <type> [mesh_id <meshid>] [4addr on|off] [flags <flag>*] [addr <mac-addr>]
help [command]
dev <devname> link
dev <devname> measurement ftm_request <config-file> [timeout=<seconds>] [randomise[=<addr>/<mask>]]
dev <devname> mesh_param dump
dev <devname> mesh leave
......
常用命令如下：
iw dev # 显示无线网络设备信息
iw dev wlan0 info # 显示指定无线网络设备的详细信息
iw dev wlan0 scan # 扫描周围热点信息
iw dev wlan0 link # 获得连接状态
iw dev wlan0 station dump # 列出所有STA信息
iw dev wlan0 connect wifi名称 # 连接至OPEN方式的AP
iw dev wlan0 connect wifi名称 2432 # 有同名热点AP时指定特定频段
iw dev wlan0 connect wifi名称 key 0:密码 d:1:默认密码 # 连接至WEP加密方式的AP
iw dev wlan0 disconnect # 断开连接
iw phy # 显示无线设备的物理特性和功能
iw phy phy0 info # 显示支持的无线标准
iw phy phy0 wowlan show # 查看wowlan状态
iw phy phy0 wowlan enable # 使能wowlan，漫游功能需要
更多干货可见：
5、wpa_supplicant
wpa_supplicant 是一个用于管理无线网络连接的工具，并且可以支持多种认证和加密方法，如WPA、WPA2、WEP等，能够处理各种复杂的无线网络场景。
# wpa_supplicant -h
wpa_supplicant v2.11-devel-1.0
Copyright (c) 2003-2022, Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi> and contributors
This software may be distributed under the terms of the BSD license.
See README for more details.
usage:
wpa_supplicant [-BddhKLqqstvW] [-P<pid file>] [-g<global ctrl>] \
[-G<group>] \
-i<ifname> -c<config file> [-C<ctrl>] [-D<driver>] [-H<hostapd path>] [-p<driver_param>] \
[-b<br_ifname>] [-e<entropy file>] \
[-o<override driver>] [-O<override ctrl>] \
[-N -i<ifname> -c<conf> [-C<ctrl>] [-D<driver>] \
[-m<P2P Device config file>] \
[-p<driver_param>] [-b<br_ifname>] [-I<config file>] ...]
drivers:
nl80211 = Linux nl80211/cfg80211
options:
-b = optional bridge interface name
-B = run daemon in the background
-c = Configuration file
-C = ctrl_interface parameter (only used if -c is not)
-d = increase debugging verbosity (-dd even more)
-D = driver name (can be multiple drivers: nl80211,wext)
-e = entropy file
-g = global ctrl_interface
-G = global ctrl_interface group
-h = show this help text
-H = connect to a hostapd instance to manage state changes
-i = interface name
-I = additional configuration file
-K = include keys (passwords, etc.) in debug output
-L = show license (BSD)
-m = Configuration file for the P2P Device interface
-N = start describing new interface
-o = override driver parameter for new interfaces
-O = override ctrl_interface parameter for new interfaces
-p = driver parameters
-P = PID file
-q = decrease debugging verbosity (-qq even less)
-s = log output to syslog instead of stdout
-t = include timestamp in debug messages
-v = show version
-W = wait for a control interface monitor before starting
example:
wpa_supplicant -Dnl80211 -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
常用命令如下：
wpa_supplicant -iwlan0 -Dnl80211 -B -c/tmp/wpa_supplicant.conf # 联网配置，conf为具体的配置信息
# -i设置网卡接口，-D设置驱动名，-B设置后台进行，-c添加配置文件
6、wpa_cli
wpa_cli 是一个用于与 wpa_supplicant 通信的命令行工具。它允许用户通过命令行界面与正在运行的 wpa_supplicant 进程进行交互，以管理无线网络连接、配置网络参数等。
wpa_cli需要运行在wpa_supplicant服务之上，通信方式有两种，一种是进入到新的命令行窗口，交互式输入；一种是直接命令输入并及时返回
交互式：
# wpa_cli # 单独输入该命令，进入新的交互窗口
wpa_cli v2.9
Copyright (c) 2004-2019, Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi> and contributors
This software may be distributed under the terms of the BSD license.
See README for more details.
Selected interface 'wlan0'
Interactive mode
>
>
> help # 输入help可以查看所有支持的命令
commands:
status [verbose] = get current WPA/EAPOL/EAP status
ifname = get current interface name
ping = pings wpa_supplicant
relog = re-open log-file (allow rolling logs)
note <text> = add a note to wpa_supplicant debug log
mib = get MIB variables (dot1x, dot11)
help [command] = show usage help
interface [ifname] = show interfaces/select interface
命令格式：
wpa_cli help # 打印帮助信息
wpa_cli -i wlan0 status # 显示当前连接信息
wpa_cli -i wlan0 scan # 搜索周围WiFi信息
wpa_cli -i wlan0 scan_result # 显示上一次的搜索结果
wpa_cli -i wlan0 list_networks # 显示已配置的网络与信息
wpa_cli -i wlan0 add_network # 添加一个网络返回一个数字n
wpa_cli -i wlan0 set_network n ssid '"name"' # 输入要连接的WiFi名称
wpa_cli -i wlan0 set_network n key_mgmt NONE # 输入加密方式OPEN/WEP
wpa_cli -i wlan0 set_network n wep_key0 '"psk"' # 输入加密方式WEP的密码
wpa_cli -i wlan0 set_network n psk '"psk"' # 输入加密方式WPA/WPA2的密码
wpa_cli -i wlan0 enable_network n # 设置后需要启用WiFi
wpa_cli -i wlan0 save_config # 保存WiFi配置
wpa_cli -i wlan0 select_network n # 有多个WiFi时选择其中一个
wpa_cli -i wlan0 reconfigure # 重新加载配置文件
wpa_cli -i wlan0 disconnect # 断开WiFi连接
wpa_cli -i wlan0 reconnect # 重新连接
wpa_cli -i wlan0 remove_network n # 移除WiFi配置
wpa_cli -i wlan0 terminate # 关闭后台服务器程序
wpa_cli [-i wlan0 # 进入交互模式，命令可以为status等
7、udhcpc
udhcpc 是一个用于在 Linux 系统上获取 IP 地址的简单 DHCP（动态主机配置协议）客户端工具。它通常用于嵌入式系统或者启动过程中获取网络配置。
以下是 udhcpc 工具的主要功能和用法：
# udhcpc -h
udhcpc: option requires an argument -- 'h'
BusyBox v1.31.1 (2023-11-09 11:00:52 CST) multi-call binary.
Usage: udhcpc [-fbqRB] [-a[MSEC]] [-t N] [-T SEC] [-A SEC/-n]
[-i IFACE] [-s PROG] [-p PIDFILE]
[-oC] [-r IP] [-V VENDOR] [-F NAME] [-x OPT:VAL]... [-O OPT]...
-i IFACE Interface to use (default eth0)
-s PROG Run PROG at DHCP events (default /usr/share/udhcpc/default.script)
-p FILE Create pidfile
-B Request broadcast replies
-t N Send up to N discover packets (default 3)
-T SEC Pause between packets (default 3)
-A SEC Wait if lease is not obtained (default 20)
-b Background if lease is not obtained
-n Exit if lease is not obtained
-q Exit after obtaining lease
-R Release IP on exit
-f Run in foreground
-S Log to syslog too
-a[MSEC] Validate offered address with ARP ping
-r IP Request this IP address
-o Don't request any options (unless -O is given)
-O OPT Request option OPT from server (cumulative)
-x OPT:VAL Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative)
Examples of string, numeric, and hex byte opts:
-x hostname:bbox - option 12
-x lease:3600 - option 51 (lease time)
-x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE - option 61 (client id)
-x 14:'"dumpfile"' - option 14 (shell-quoted)
-F NAME Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME
-V VENDOR Vendor identifier (default 'udhcp VERSION')
-C Don't send MAC as client identifier
Signals:
USR1 Renew lease
USR2 Release lease
常用命令如下：
udhcpc -iwlan0 -t10 -T2 -A10 -b -s/etc/udhcpc.script # 分配IP地址
# -i选择网卡接口 -t发送5个发现报文 -T包间等待5秒 -A未获得租约，等待10S, -s添加分配IP的配置文件
7、hostapd
hostapd 是一个用于在 Linux 系统上实现无线访问点功能的软件。它能够将支持的无线网络接口（如Wi-Fi适配器）配置为一个独立的访问点，允许其他设备通过 Wi-Fi 连接到该访问点并访问网络。
# hostapd -h
usage: hostapd [-hdBKtv] [-P <PID file>] [-e <entropy file>] \
[-g <global ctrl_iface>] [-G <group>]\
[-i <comma-separated list of interface names>]\
<configuration file(s)>
options:
-h show this usage
-d show more debug messages (-dd for even more)
-B run daemon in the background
-e entropy file
-g global control interface path
-G group for control interfaces
-P PID file
-K include key data in debug messages
-i list of interface names to use
-s log output to syslog instead of stdout
-S start all the interfaces synchronously
-t include timestamps in some debug messages
-v show hostapd version
常用命令如下：
hostapd -B /tmp/hostapd.conf # 开启热点
# -B后台运行 后面是我们的配置文件 hostapd.conf为AP热点设置的信息
8、hostapd_cli
hostapd_cli同wpa_cli一样，都属于客户端，hostapd_cli依赖于hostapd服务，需要在后台运行。
hostapd_cli 是 hostapd 的命令行接口工具，用于与运行中的 hostapd 进程进行交互。通过 hostapd_cli，用户可以实时监控和配置 hostapd 的运行状态，以及对无线访问点进行管理。
# hostapd_cli -h
usage: hostapd_cli [-p<path>] [-i<ifname>] [-hvBr] [-a<path>] \
[-P<pid file>] [-G<ping interval>] [command..]
Options:
-h help (show this usage text)
-v shown version information
-p<path> path to find control sockets (default: /var/run/hostapd)
-s<dir_path> dir path to open client sockets (default: /var/run/hostapd)
-a<file> run in daemon mode executing the action file based on events
from hostapd
-r try to reconnect when client socket is disconnected.
This is useful only when used with -a.
-B run a daemon in the background
-i<ifname> Interface to listen on (default: first interface found in the
socket path)
commands:
ping = pings hostapd
mib = get MIB variables (dot1x, dot11, radius)
relog = reload/truncate debug log output file
close_log = disable debug log output file
status = show interface status info
sta <addr> = get MIB variables for one station
all_sta = get MIB variables for all stations
list_sta = list all stations
new_sta <addr> = add a new station
deauthenticate <addr> = deauthenticate a station
disassociate <addr> = disassociate a station
...
常用命令如下：
hostapd_cli -h # 显示帮助信息
hostapd_cli -v # 显示版本信息
hostapd_cli -p <path> # 指定socket的路径
hostapd_cli -i wlan0 all_sta # 显示所有连接设备
hostapd_cli -i wlan0 sta <addr> # 查看某个设备信息
hostapd_cli -i wlan0 interface # 显示网卡接口
hostapd_cli -i wlan0 interface [ifname] # 指定网卡接口
hostapd_cli -i wlan0 get_config # 获得配置
hostapd_cli -i wlan0 disassociate <addr> # 断开某个设备的连接
hostapd_cli -i wlan0 level n # 设置打印级别
hostapd_cli -i wlan0 license # 显示证书
hostapd_cli [-i wlan0] # 进入交互模式，命令可以为all_sta等
9、udhcpd
udhcpd 是一个用于在 Linux 系统上提供 DHCP 服务的小型 DHCP 服务器软件。它是 udhcp软件包的一部分，通常用于嵌入式系统或者小型网络环境中。
# udhcpd --help
BusyBox v1.31.1 (2023-11-09 11:00:52 CST) multi-call binary.
Usage: udhcpd [-fS] [-I ADDR] [CONFFILE]
DHCP server
-f Run in foreground
-S Log to syslog too
-I ADDR Local address
-a MSEC Timeout for ARP ping (default 2000)
Signals:
USR1 Update lease file
常用命令如下：
udhcpd -f /tmp/udhcpd.conf
# -f运行在前台 /tmp/udhcpd.conf 为IP分配相关的配置
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10、总结
以上，简单介绍了一下WiFi开发过程中经常使用到的工具，并简单介绍了其相关用法，其中包括：
-
-
iwlist
-
iwgetid
-
iw
-
wpa_supplicant
-
wpa_cli
-
udhcpc
-
hostapd
-
hostapd_cli
-
udhcpd
当然一些特定的工具并没有详细介绍，后面我们在慢慢道来。
