Critical Reading（批判性阅读）

Pre-reading Questions  --预读问题

1.Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading?

你通常会挑战作者所代表的观念吗？ 你认为积极的阅读是什么？

2.What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically?

你期望作者有什么建议，批评性地阅读？

 

Critical reading applies  to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here  are the
things you should do to be a  critical reader.

批判性阅读适用于作者提出立场或寻求发表陈述的非小说作品。 批判阅读是积极的阅读。 它不仅仅涉及到作者所说的话。 关键阅读涉及质疑和评估作者的意见，并就作者所说的话形成自己的观点。 这是
你应该做的事情成为一个关键的读者。

　　

 

Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by  an author  from  a different  cultural context than yours. Or,You may  be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. In either case, you must recognize and take into accout  any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.


考虑所写的内容。 您可能正在阅读作者从不同于您的文化背景撰写的内容。 或者，您可能会在不同时间内阅读与您之前不同的时间内写的内容。 在任何一种情况下，您都必须承认并考虑到您的价值观和态度与作者所代表的差异。

　　

 

Question assertions made by the author . Don't accept what  is Written  at face value. Before accepting what is written, be certain  that the author  provides sufficient support for any assertions made. Look for facts, examples,and  statistics that provide support. Also, look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities.

作者作出的问题断言。 不接受什么是面值。 在接受所写的内容之前，请确定作者对所作出的任何声明提供足够的支持。 查找提供支持的事实，示例和统计信息。 另外，看看作者是否整合了当局的工作。

　　

Compare what is written  with other written work on the subject. Look to see that what is written  is consistent  with what others  have written about  the subject. If there are  inconsistencies, carefuly evaluate the support  the author provides for the inconsistencies.

比较与其他书面作品相关的内容。 看看写的内容与其他人关于这个主题的内容是一致的。 如果存在不一致，请小心评估作者对不一致的支持。

　　

Analyze assumptions made by the authro. Assumptions are whatever the author must  believe  is true in order to  make  assertions. In many cases,
the author's assumptions are not directly  stated. This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions. Once you identify an assumption, you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.


分析作者所作的假设。 假设是作者必须认为是真实的，以作出断言。 在许多情况下，
作者的假设没有直接陈述。 这意味着您必须仔细阅读以确定任何假设。 一旦你确定一个假设，你必须决定这个假设是否有效。

　　

Evaluate the sources the author uses.  In doing this, be cartain that the sources  are credible . For example, Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing  about landmark achivements in physics . Also be certain  that the sources are relevant . Einsterin  is not a relevant  souce when the subject 
is poetry. Finally, if the author is writing about a subject in its  current state, be sure that the sources  are curent. For example, studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century  may not be appropriate  if the writer is discussing the current state of knowledge in physics.

评估作者使用的来源。 在这样做的时候，要有可信赖的来源。 例如，爱因斯坦是一个可信的来源，如果作者正在写关于物理学的地标学说。 还要确定来源是否相关。 爱因斯坦不是相关的时候的主题
是诗歌。 最后，如果作者正在撰写关于目前状态的主题，请确保来源已被修改。 例如，如果作者正在讨论物理知识的当前状态，那么20世纪初爱因斯坦所做的研究可能不合适。

　　

Identify any possible author bias. A written discussion of American politics will likely look  considerably  different depending on whether the weiter is a Democrat or a Republican .
What is written may very well reflect  a biased position. You need to take this possible  bias into account when reading what the author has written. That is , take what is written with "a grain of salt."
By being a critical reader, you will become better informed and may change your views as approproate.


确定任何可能的作者偏见。 关于美国政治的书面讨论可能看起来会有很大的不同，取决于是否是民主党人或共和党人。
什么写的可能很好地反映了一个有偏见的位置。 在阅读作者所写的内容时，您需要考虑这种可能的偏见。 那就是用“一粒盐”写的东西。
作为一个关键的读者，你将会变得更加了解情况，并可能会改变你的意见作为适当的。