MongoDB 副本集的原理、搭建、应用
概念:
在了解了这篇文章之后,可以进行该篇文章的说明和测试。MongoDB 副本集(Replica Set)是有自动故障恢复功能的主从集群,有一个Primary节点和一个或多个Secondary节点组成。类似于MySQL的MMM架构。更多关于副本集的介绍请见官网。也可以在google、baidu上查阅。
副本集中数据同步过程:Primary节点写入数据,Secondary通过读取Primary的oplog得到复制信息,开始复制数据并且将复制信息写入到自己的oplog。如果某个操作失败,则备份节点停止从当前数据源复制数据。如果某个备份节点由于某些原因挂掉了,当重新启动后,就会自动从oplog的最后一个操作开始同步,同步完成后,将信息写入自己的oplog,由于复制操作是先复制数据,复制完成后再写入oplog,有可能相同的操作会同步两份,不过MongoDB在设计之初就考虑到这个问题,将oplog的同一个操作执行多次,与执行一次的效果是一样的。简单的说就是:
当Primary节点完成数据操作后,Secondary会做出一系列的动作保证数据的同步:
1:检查自己local库的oplog.rs集合找出最近的时间戳。
2:检查Primary节点local库oplog.rs集合,找出大于此时间戳的记录。
3:将找到的记录插入到自己的oplog.rs集合中,并执行这些操作。
副本集的同步和主从同步一样,都是异步同步的过程,不同的是副本集有个自动故障转移的功能。其原理是:slave端从primary端获取日志,然后在自己身上完全顺序的执行日志所记录的各种操作(该日志是不记录查询操作的),这个日志就是local数据 库中的oplog.rs表,默认在64位机器上这个表是比较大的,占磁盘大小的5%,oplog.rs的大小可以在启动参数中设 定:--oplogSize 1000,单位是M。
注意:在副本集的环境中,要是所有的Secondary都宕机了,只剩下Primary。最后Primary会变成Secondary,不能提供服务。
一:环境搭建
1:准备服务器
192.168.200.25 192.168.200.245 192.168.200.252
2:安装
http://www.cnblogs.com/zhoujinyi/archive/2013/06/02/3113868.html
3:修改配置,只需要开启:replSet 参数即可。格式为:
192.168.200.252: --replSet = mmm/192.168.200.245:27017 # mmm是副本集的名称,192.168.200.25:27017 为实例的位子。 192.168.200.245: --replSet = mmm/192.168.200.252:27017 192.168.200.25: --replSet = mmm/192.168.200.252:27017,192.168.200.245:27017
4:启动
启动后会提示:
replSet info you may need to run replSetInitiate -- rs.initiate() in the shell -- if that is not already done
说明需要进行初始化操作,初始化操作只能执行一次。
5:初始化副本集
登入任意一台机器的MongoDB执行:因为是全新的副本集所以可以任意进入一台执行;要是有一台有数据,则需要在有数据上执行;要多台有数据则不能初始化。
zhoujy@zhoujy:~$ mongo --host=192.168.200.252 MongoDB shell version: 2.4.6 connecting to: 192.168.200.252:27017/test > rs.initiate({"_id":"mmm","members":[ ... {"_id":1, ... "host":"192.168.200.252:27017", ... "priority":1 ... }, ... {"_id":2, ... "host":"192.168.200.245:27017", ... "priority":1 ... } ... ]}) { "info" : "Config now saved locally. Should come online in about a minute.", "ok" : 1 } ######
"_id": 副本集的名称
"members": 副本集的服务器列表
"_id": 服务器的唯一ID
"host": 服务器主机
"priority": 是优先级,默认为1,优先级0为被动节点,不能成为活跃节点。优先级不位0则按照有大到小选出活跃节点。
"arbiterOnly": 仲裁节点,只参与投票,不接收数据,也不能成为活跃节点。
> rs.status() { "set" : "mmm", "date" : ISODate("2014-02-18T04:03:53Z"), "myState" : 1, "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "name" : "192.168.200.252:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 1, "stateStr" : "PRIMARY", "uptime" : 76, "optime" : Timestamp(1392696191, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T04:03:11Z"), "self" : true }, { "_id" : 2, "name" : "192.168.200.245:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 35, "optime" : Timestamp(1392696191, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T04:03:11Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T04:03:52Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T04:03:53Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.252:27017" } ], "ok" : 1 }
6:日志
查看252上的日志:
Tue Feb 18 12:03:29.334 [rsMgr] replSet PRIMARY ………… ………… Tue Feb 18 12:03:40.341 [rsHealthPoll] replSet member 192.168.200.245:27017 is now in state SECONDARY
至此,整个副本集已经搭建成功了。
上面的的副本集只有2台服务器,还有一台怎么添加?除了在初始化的时候添加,还有什么方法可以后期增删节点?
二:维护操作
1:增删节点。
把25服务加入到副本集中:
rs.add("192.168.200.25:27017")
mmm:PRIMARY> rs.add("192.168.200.25:27017") { "ok" : 1 } mmm:PRIMARY> rs.status() { "set" : "mmm", "date" : ISODate("2014-02-18T04:53:00Z"), "myState" : 1, "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "name" : "192.168.200.252:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 1, "stateStr" : "PRIMARY", "uptime" : 3023, "optime" : Timestamp(1392699177, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T04:52:57Z"), "self" : true }, { "_id" : 2, "name" : "192.168.200.245:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 2982, "optime" : Timestamp(1392699177, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T04:52:57Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T04:52:59Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T04:53:00Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.252:27017" }, { "_id" : 3, "name" : "192.168.200.25:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 6, "stateStr" : "UNKNOWN", #等一会就变成了 SECONDARY "uptime" : 3, "optime" : Timestamp(0, 0), "optimeDate" : ISODate("1970-01-01T00:00:00Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T04:52:59Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("1970-01-01T00:00:00Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "lastHeartbeatMessage" : "still initializing" } ], "ok" : 1 }
把25服务从副本集中删除:
rs.remove("192.168.200.25:27017")
mmm:PRIMARY> rs.remove("192.168.200.25:27017") Tue Feb 18 13:01:09.298 DBClientCursor::init call() failed Tue Feb 18 13:01:09.299 Error: error doing query: failed at src/mongo/shell/query.js:78 Tue Feb 18 13:01:09.300 trying reconnect to 192.168.200.252:27017 Tue Feb 18 13:01:09.301 reconnect 192.168.200.252:27017 ok mmm:PRIMARY> rs.status() { "set" : "mmm", "date" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:01:19Z"), "myState" : 1, "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "name" : "192.168.200.252:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 1, "stateStr" : "PRIMARY", "uptime" : 3522, "optime" : Timestamp(1392699669, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:01:09Z"), "self" : true }, { "_id" : 2, "name" : "192.168.200.245:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 10, "optime" : Timestamp(1392699669, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:01:09Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:01:19Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:01:18Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "lastHeartbeatMessage" : "syncing to: 192.168.200.252:27017", "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.252:27017" } ], "ok" : 1 }
192.168.200.25 的节点已经被移除。
2:查看复制的情况
db.printSlaveReplicationInfo()
mmm:PRIMARY> db.printSlaveReplicationInfo() source: 192.168.200.245:27017 syncedTo: Tue Feb 18 2014 13:02:35 GMT+0800 (CST) = 145 secs ago (0.04hrs) source: 192.168.200.25:27017 syncedTo: Tue Feb 18 2014 13:02:35 GMT+0800 (CST) = 145 secs ago (0.04hrs)
source:从库的ip和端口。
syncedTo:目前的同步情况,以及最后一次同步的时间。
从上面可以看出,在数据库内容不变的情况下他是不同步的,数据库变动就会马上同步。
3:查看副本集的状态
rs.status()
mmm:PRIMARY> rs.status() { "set" : "mmm", "date" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:12:28Z"), "myState" : 1, "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "name" : "192.168.200.252:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 1, "stateStr" : "PRIMARY", "uptime" : 4191, "optime" : Timestamp(1392699755, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:02:35Z"), "self" : true }, { "_id" : 2, "name" : "192.168.200.245:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 679, "optime" : Timestamp(1392699755, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:02:35Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:12:27Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:12:27Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.252:27017" }, { "_id" : 3, "name" : "192.168.200.25:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 593, "optime" : Timestamp(1392699755, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:02:35Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:12:28Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:12:28Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.252:27017" } ], "ok" : 1 }
4:副本集的配置
rs.conf()/rs.config()
mmm:PRIMARY> rs.conf() { "_id" : "mmm", "version" : 4, "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "host" : "192.168.200.252:27017" }, { "_id" : 2, "host" : "192.168.200.245:27017" }, { "_id" : 3, "host" : "192.168.200.25:27017" } ] }
5:操作Secondary
默认情况下,Secondary是不提供服务的,即不能读和写。会提示:
error: { "$err" : "not master and slaveOk=false", "code" : 13435 }
在特殊情况下需要读的话则需要:
rs.slaveOk() ,只对当前连接有效。
mmm:SECONDARY> db.test.find() error: { "$err" : "not master and slaveOk=false", "code" : 13435 } mmm:SECONDARY> rs.slaveOk() mmm:SECONDARY> db.test.find() { "_id" : ObjectId("5302edfa8c9151a5013b978e"), "a" : 1 }
6:更新ing
三:测试
1:测试副本集数据复制功能
在Primary(192.168.200.252:27017)上插入数据:
mmm:PRIMARY> for(var i=0;i<10000;i++){db.test.insert({"name":"test"+i,"age":123})} mmm:PRIMARY> db.test.count() 10001
在Secondary上查看是否已经同步:
mmm:SECONDARY> rs.slaveOk() mmm:SECONDARY> db.test.count() 10001
数据已经同步。
2:测试副本集故障转移功能
关闭Primary节点,查看其他2个节点的情况:
mmm:PRIMARY> rs.status() { "set" : "mmm", "date" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:38:54Z"), "myState" : 1, "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "name" : "192.168.200.252:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 1, "stateStr" : "PRIMARY", "uptime" : 5777, "optime" : Timestamp(1392701576, 2678), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:32:56Z"), "self" : true }, { "_id" : 2, "name" : "192.168.200.245:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 2265, "optime" : Timestamp(1392701576, 2678), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:32:56Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:38:54Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:38:53Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.252:27017" }, { "_id" : 3, "name" : "192.168.200.25:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 2179, "optime" : Timestamp(1392701576, 2678), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:32:56Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:38:54Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:38:53Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.252:27017" } ], "ok" : 1 } #关闭 mmm:PRIMARY> use admin switched to db admin mmm:PRIMARY> db.shutdownServer() #进入任意一台: mmm:SECONDARY> rs.status() { "set" : "mmm", "date" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:47:41Z"), "myState" : 2, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.25:27017", "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "name" : "192.168.200.252:27017", "health" : 0, "state" : 8, "stateStr" : "(not reachable/healthy)", "uptime" : 0, "optime" : Timestamp(1392701576, 2678), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:32:56Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:47:40Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:45:57Z"), "pingMs" : 0 }, { "_id" : 2, "name" : "192.168.200.245:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 5888, "optime" : Timestamp(1392701576, 2678), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:32:56Z"), "errmsg" : "syncing to: 192.168.200.25:27017", "self" : true }, { "_id" : 3, "name" : "192.168.200.25:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 1, "stateStr" : "PRIMARY", "uptime" : 2292, "optime" : Timestamp(1392701576, 2678), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:32:56Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:47:40Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:47:39Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.252:27017" } ], "ok" : 1 }
看到192.168.200.25:27017 已经从 SECONDARY 变成了 PRIMARY。具体的信息可以通过日志文件得知。继续操作:
在新主上插入:
mmm:PRIMARY> for(var i=0;i<10000;i++){db.test.insert({"name":"test"+i,"age":123})} mmm:PRIMARY> db.test.count() 20001
重启启动之前关闭的192.168.200.252:27017
mmm:SECONDARY> rs.status() { "set" : "mmm", "date" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:45:14Z"), "myState" : 2, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.245:27017", "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "name" : "192.168.200.252:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 12, "optime" : Timestamp(1392702168, 8187), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:42:48Z"), "errmsg" : "syncing to: 192.168.200.245:27017", "self" : true }, { "_id" : 2, "name" : "192.168.200.245:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 11, "optime" : Timestamp(1392702168, 8187), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:42:48Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:45:13Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:45:12Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.25:27017" }, { "_id" : 3, "name" : "192.168.200.25:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 1, "stateStr" : "PRIMARY", "uptime" : 9, "optime" : Timestamp(1392702168, 8187), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:42:48Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:45:13Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T05:45:13Z"), "pingMs" : 0 } ], "ok" : 1 }
启动之前的主,发现其变成了SECONDARY,在新主插入的数据,是否已经同步:
mmm:SECONDARY> db.test.count() Tue Feb 18 13:47:03.634 count failed: { "note" : "from execCommand", "ok" : 0, "errmsg" : "not master" } at src/mongo/shell/query.js:180 mmm:SECONDARY> rs.slaveOk() mmm:SECONDARY> db.test.count() 20001
已经同步。
注意:
所有的Secondary都宕机、或则副本集中只剩下一个节点,则该节点只能为Secondary节点,也就意味着整个集群智能进行读操作而不能进行写操作,当其他的恢复时,之前的primary节点仍然是primary节点。
当某个节点宕机后重新启动该节点会有一段的时间(时间长短视集群的数据量和宕机时间而定)导致整个集群中所有节点都成为secondary而无法进行写操作(如果应用程序没有设置相应的ReadReference也可能不能进行读取操作)。
官方推荐的最小的副本集也应该具备一个primary节点和两个secondary节点。两个节点的副本集不具备真正的故障转移能力。
四:应用
1:手动切换Primary节点到自己给定的节点
上面已经提到过了优先集priority,因为默认的都是1,所以只需要把给定的服务器的priority加到最大即可。让245 成为主节点,操作如下:
mmm:PRIMARY> rs.conf() #查看配置 { "_id" : "mmm", "version" : 6, #每改变一次集群的配置,副本集的version都会加1。 "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "host" : "192.168.200.252:27017" }, { "_id" : 2, "host" : "192.168.200.245:27017" }, { "_id" : 3, "host" : "192.168.200.25:27017" } ] } mmm:PRIMARY> rs.status() #查看状态 { "set" : "mmm", "date" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:25:51Z"), "myState" : 1, "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "name" : "192.168.200.252:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 47, "optime" : Timestamp(1392708304, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:25:04Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:25:50Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:25:50Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "lastHeartbeatMessage" : "syncing to: 192.168.200.25:27017", "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.25:27017" }, { "_id" : 2, "name" : "192.168.200.245:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 47, "optime" : Timestamp(1392708304, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:25:04Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:25:50Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:25:51Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "lastHeartbeatMessage" : "syncing to: 192.168.200.25:27017", "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.25:27017" }, { "_id" : 3, "name" : "192.168.200.25:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 1, "stateStr" : "PRIMARY", "uptime" : 13019, "optime" : Timestamp(1392708304, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:25:04Z"), "self" : true } ], "ok" : 1 }
mmm:PRIMARY> cfg=rs.conf() # { "_id" : "mmm", "version" : 4, "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "host" : "192.168.200.252:27017" }, { "_id" : 2, "host" : "192.168.200.245:27017" }, { "_id" : 3, "host" : "192.168.200.25:27017" } ] } mmm:PRIMARY> cfg.members[1].priority=2 #修改priority 2 mmm:PRIMARY> rs.reconfig(cfg) #重新加载配置文件,强制了副本集进行一次选举,优先级高的成为Primary。在这之间整个集群的所有节点都是secondary mmm:SECONDARY> rs.status() { "set" : "mmm", "date" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:27:38Z"), "myState" : 2, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.245:27017", "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "name" : "192.168.200.252:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 71, "optime" : Timestamp(1392708387, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:26:27Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:27:37Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:27:38Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "lastHeartbeatMessage" : "syncing to: 192.168.200.245:27017", "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.245:27017" }, { "_id" : 2, "name" : "192.168.200.245:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 1, "stateStr" : "PRIMARY", "uptime" : 71, "optime" : Timestamp(1392708387, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:26:27Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:27:37Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:27:38Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.25:27017" }, { "_id" : 3, "name" : "192.168.200.25:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 13126, "optime" : Timestamp(1392708387, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T07:26:27Z"), "errmsg" : "syncing to: 192.168.200.245:27017", "self" : true } ], "ok" : 1 }
这样,给定的245服务器就成为了主节点。
2:添加仲裁节点
把25节点删除,重启。再添加让其为仲裁节点:
rs.addArb("192.168.200.25:27017")
mmm:PRIMARY> rs.status() { "set" : "mmm", "date" : ISODate("2014-02-18T08:14:36Z"), "myState" : 1, "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "name" : "192.168.200.252:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 795, "optime" : Timestamp(1392711068, 100), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T08:11:08Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T08:14:35Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T08:14:35Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.245:27017" }, { "_id" : 2, "name" : "192.168.200.245:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 1, "stateStr" : "PRIMARY", "uptime" : 14703, "optime" : Timestamp(1392711068, 100), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-18T08:11:08Z"), "self" : true }, { "_id" : 3, "name" : "192.168.200.25:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 7, "stateStr" : "ARBITER", "uptime" : 26, "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-18T08:14:34Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-18T08:14:34Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.252:27017" } ], "ok" : 1 } mmm:PRIMARY> rs.conf() { "_id" : "mmm", "version" : 9, "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "host" : "192.168.200.252:27017" }, { "_id" : 2, "host" : "192.168.200.245:27017", "priority" : 2 }, { "_id" : 3, "host" : "192.168.200.25:27017", "arbiterOnly" : true } ] }
上面说明已经让25服务器成为仲裁节点。副本集要求参与选举投票(vote)的节点数为奇数,当我们实际环境中因为机器等原因限制只有两个(或偶数)的节点,这时为了实现 Automatic Failover引入另一类节点:仲裁者(arbiter),仲裁者只参与投票不拥有实际的数据,并且不提供任何服务,因此它对物理资源要求不严格。
通过实际测试发现,当整个副本集集群中达到50%的节点(包括仲裁节点)不可用的时候,剩下的节点只能成为secondary节点,整个集群只能读不能 写。比如集群中有1个primary节点,2个secondary节点,加1个arbit节点时:当两个secondary节点挂掉了,那么剩下的原来的 primary节点也只能降级为secondary节点;当集群中有1个primary节点,1个secondary节点和1个arbit节点,这时即使 primary节点挂了,剩下的secondary节点也会自动成为primary节点。因为仲裁节点不复制数据,因此利用仲裁节点可以实现最少的机器开 销达到两个节点热备的效果。
3:添加备份节点
hidden(成员用于支持专用功能):这样设置后此机器在读写中都不可见,并且不会被选举为Primary,但是可以投票,一般用于备份数据。
把25节点删除,重启。再添加让其为hidden节点:
mmm:PRIMARY> rs.add({"_id":3,"host":"192.168.200.25:27017","priority":0,"hidden":true}) { "down" : [ "192.168.200.25:27017" ], "ok" : 1 } mmm:PRIMARY> rs.conf() { "_id" : "mmm", "version" : 17, "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "host" : "192.168.200.252:27017" }, { "_id" : 2, "host" : "192.168.200.245:27017" }, { "_id" : 3, "host" : "192.168.200.25:27017", "priority" : 0, "hidden" : true } ] }
测试其能否参与投票:关闭当前的Primary,查看是否自动转移Primary
关闭Primary(252): mmm:PRIMARY> use admin switched to db admin mmm:PRIMARY> db.shutdownServer() 连另一个链接察看: mmm:PRIMARY> rs.status() { "set" : "mmm", "date" : ISODate("2014-02-19T09:11:45Z"), "myState" : 1, "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "name" : "192.168.200.252:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 1, "stateStr" :"(not reachable/healthy)", "uptime" : 4817, "optime" : Timestamp(1392801006, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-19T09:10:06Z"), "self" : true }, { "_id" : 2, "name" : "192.168.200.245:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "PRIMARY", "uptime" : 401, "optime" : Timestamp(1392801006, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-19T09:10:06Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-19T09:11:44Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-19T09:11:43Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.252:27017" }, { "_id" : 3, "name" : "192.168.200.25:27017", "health" : 1, "state" : 2, "stateStr" : "SECONDARY", "uptime" : 99, "optime" : Timestamp(1392801006, 1), "optimeDate" : ISODate("2014-02-19T09:10:06Z"), "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2014-02-19T09:11:44Z"), "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2014-02-19T09:11:43Z"), "pingMs" : 0, "syncingTo" : "192.168.200.252:27017" } ], "ok" : 1 } 上面说明Primary已经转移,说明hidden具有投票的权利,继续查看是否有数据复制的功能。 ##### mmm:PRIMARY> db.test.count() 20210 mmm:PRIMARY> for(var i=0;i<90;i++){db.test.insert({"name":"test"+i,"age":123})} mmm:PRIMARY> db.test.count() 20300 Secondady: mmm:SECONDARY> db.test.count() Wed Feb 19 17:18:19.469 count failed: { "note" : "from execCommand", "ok" : 0, "errmsg" : "not master" } at src/mongo/shell/query.js:180 mmm:SECONDARY> rs.slaveOk() mmm:SECONDARY> db.test.count() 20300 上面说明hidden具有数据复制的功能
后面大家可以在上面进行备份了,后一篇会介绍如何备份、还原以及一些日常维护需要的操作。
4:添加延迟节点
Delayed(成员用于支持专用功能):可以指定一个时间延迟从primary节点同步数据。主要用于处理误删除数据马上同步到从节点导致的不一致问题。
把25节点删除,重启。再添加让其为Delayed节点:
mmm:PRIMARY> rs.add({"_id":3,"host":"192.168.200.25:27017","priority":0,"hidden":true,"slaveDelay":60}) #语法 { "down" : [ "192.168.200.25:27017" ], "ok" : 1 } mmm:PRIMARY> rs.conf() { "_id" : "mmm", "version" : 19, "members" : [ { "_id" : 1, "host" : "192.168.200.252:27017" }, { "_id" : 2, "host" : "192.168.200.245:27017" }, { "_id" : 3, "host" : "192.168.200.25:27017", "priority" : 0, "slaveDelay" : 60, "hidden" : true } ] }
测试:操作Primary,看数据是否60s后同步到delayed节点。
mmm:PRIMARY> db.test.count() 20300 mmm:PRIMARY> for(var i=0;i<200;i++){db.test.insert({"name":"test"+i,"age":123})} mmm:PRIMARY> db.test.count() 20500 Delayed: mmm:SECONDARY> db.test.count() 20300 #60秒之后 mmm:SECONDARY> db.test.count() 20500
上面说明delayed能够成功的把同步操作延迟60秒执行。除了上面的成员之外,还有:
Secondary-Only:不能成为primary节点,只能作为secondary副本节点,防止一些性能不高的节点成为主节点。
Non-Voting:没有选举权的secondary节点,纯粹的备份数据节点。
具体成员信息如下:
|
成为primary |
对客户端可见 |
参与投票 |
延迟同步 |
复制数据 |
Default |
√ |
√ |
√ |
∕ |
√ |
Secondary-Only |
∕ |
√ |
√ |
∕ |
√ |
Hidden |
∕ |
∕ |
√ |
∕ |
√ |
Delayed |
∕ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
Arbiters |
∕ |
∕ |
√ |
∕ |
∕ |
Non-Voting |
√ |
√ |
∕ |
∕ |
√ |
5:读写分离
MongoDB副本集对读写分离的支持是通过Read Preferences特性进行支持的,这个特性非常复杂和灵活。
应用程序驱动通过read reference来设定如何对副本集进行读取操作,默认的,客户端驱动所有的读操作都是直接访问primary节点的,从而保证了数据的严格一致性。
支持五种的read preference模式:官网说明
primary
主节点,默认模式,读操作只在主节点,如果主节点不可用,报错或者抛出异常。
primaryPreferred
首选主节点,大多情况下读操作在主节点,如果主节点不可用,如故障转移,读操作在从节点。
secondary
从节点,读操作只在从节点, 如果从节点不可用,报错或者抛出异常。
secondaryPreferred
首选从节点,大多情况下读操作在从节点,特殊情况(如单主节点架构)读操作在主节点。
nearest
最邻近节点,读操作在最邻近的成员,可能是主节点或者从节点,关于最邻近的成员请参考
注意:2.2版本之前的MongoDB对Read Preference支持的还不完全,如果客户端驱动采用primaryPreferred实际上读取操作都会被路由到secondary节点。
因为读写分离是通过修改程序的driver的,故这里就不做说明,具体的可以参考这篇文章或则可以在google上查阅。
验证:(Python)
通过python来验证MongoDB ReplSet的特性。
1:主节点断开,看是否影响写入
脚本:
#coding:utf-8 import time from pymongo import ReplicaSetConnection conn = ReplicaSetConnection("192.168.200.201:27017,192.168.200.202:27017,192.168.200.204:27017", replicaSet="drug",read_preference=2, safe=True) #打印Primary服务器
#print conn.primary
#打印所有服务器
#print conn.seeds
#打印Secondary服务器
#print conn.secondaries
#print conn.read_preference
#print conn.server_info()
for i in xrange(1000): try: conn.test.tt.insert({"name":"test" + str(i)}) time.sleep(1) print conn.primary print conn.secondaries except: pass
脚本执行打印出的内容:
zhoujy@zhoujy:~$ python test.py (u'192.168.200.201', 27017) set([('192.168.200.202', 27017), (u'192.168.200.204', 27017)]) (u'192.168.200.201', 27017) set([('192.168.200.202', 27017), (u'192.168.200.204', 27017)]) (u'192.168.200.201', 27017) set([('192.168.200.202', 27017), (u'192.168.200.204', 27017)]) (u'192.168.200.201', 27017) set([('192.168.200.202', 27017), (u'192.168.200.204', 27017)]) (u'192.168.200.201', 27017) set([('192.168.200.202', 27017), (u'192.168.200.204', 27017)]) ('192.168.200.202', 27017) ##Primary宕机,选举产生新Primary set([(u'192.168.200.204', 27017)]) ('192.168.200.202', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.204', 27017)]) ('192.168.200.202', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.204', 27017)]) ('192.168.200.202', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.204', 27017)]) ('192.168.200.202', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.204', 27017)]) ('192.168.200.202', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.204', 27017), (u'192.168.200.201', 27017)]) ##开启之前宕机的Primary,变成了Secondary ('192.168.200.202', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.204', 27017), (u'192.168.200.201', 27017)]) ('192.168.200.202', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.204', 27017), (u'192.168.200.201', 27017)])
体操作如下:
在执行脚本的时候,模拟Primary宕机,再把其开启。看到其从201(Primary)上迁移到202上,201变成了Secondary。查看插入的数据发现其中间有一段数据丢失了。
{ "name" : "GOODODOO15" } { "name" : "GOODODOO592" } { "name" : "GOODODOO593" }
其实这部分数据是由于在选举过程期间丢失的,要是不允许数据丢失,则把在选举期间的数据放到队列中,等到找到新的Primary,再写入。
上面的脚本可能会出现操作时退出,这要看xrange()里的数量了,所以用一个循环修改(更直观):
#coding:utf-8 import time from pymongo import ReplicaSetConnection conn = ReplicaSetConnection("192.168.200.201:27017,192.168.200.202:27017,192.168.200.204:27017", replicaSet="drug",read_preference=2, safe=True) #打印Primary服务器 #print conn.primary #打印所有服务器 #print conn.seeds #打印Secondary服务器 #print conn.secondaries #print conn.read_preference #print conn.server_info() while True: try: for i in xrange(100): conn.test.tt.insert({"name":"test" + str(i)}) print "test" + str(i) time.sleep(2) print conn.primary print conn.secondaries print '\n' except: pass
上面的实验证明了:在Primary宕机的时候,程序脚本仍可以写入,不需要人为的去干预。只是期间需要10s左右(选举时间)的时间会出现不可用,进一步说明,写操作时在Primary上进行的。
2:主节点断开,看是否影响读取
脚本:
#coding:utf-8 import time from pymongo import ReplicaSetConnection conn = ReplicaSetConnection("192.168.200.201:27017,192.168.200.202:27017,192.168.200.204:27017", replicaSet="drug",read_preference=2, safe=True) #打印Primary服务器 #print conn.primary #打印所有服务器 #print conn.seeds #打印Secondary服务器 #print conn.secondaries #print conn.read_preference #print conn.server_info() for i in xrange(1000): time.sleep(1) obj=conn.test.tt.find({},{"_id":0,"name":1}).skip(i).limit(1) for item in obj: print item.values() print conn.primary print conn.secondaries
脚本执行打印出的内容:
zhoujy@zhoujy:~$ python tt.py [u'GOODODOO0'] (u'192.168.200.201', 27017) set([('192.168.200.202', 27017), (u'192.168.200.204', 27017)]) [u'GOODODOO1'] (u'192.168.200.201', 27017) set([('192.168.200.202', 27017), (u'192.168.200.204', 27017)]) [u'GOODODOO2'] (u'192.168.200.201', 27017) set([('192.168.200.202', 27017), (u'192.168.200.204', 27017)]) ………… ………… [u'GOODODOO604'] (u'192.168.200.201', 27017) set([('192.168.200.202', 27017), (u'192.168.200.204', 27017)]) [u'GOODODOO605'] ##主宕机(201),再开启,没有影响,继续读取下一条 ('192.168.200.202', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.204', 27017), (u'192.168.200.201', 27017)]) [u'GOODODOO606'] ('192.168.200.202', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.204', 27017), (u'192.168.200.201', 27017)]) [u'GOODODOO607'] ('192.168.200.202', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.204', 27017), (u'192.168.200.201', 27017)]) ………… ………… [u'test8'] ('192.168.200.202', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.204', 27017), (u'192.168.200.201', 27017)]) [u'test9'] ('192.168.200.202', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.204', 27017), (u'192.168.200.201', 27017)]) [u'test10'] ##主再次宕机,不开启,没有影响,继续读取下一条 (u'192.168.200.204', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.201', 27017)]) [u'test11'] (u'192.168.200.204', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.201', 27017)]) [u'test12'] (u'192.168.200.204', 27017) set([(u'192.168.200.201', 27017)])
具体操作如下:
在执行脚本的时候,模拟Primary宕机,再把其开启。看到201(Primary)上迁移到202上,201变成了Secondary,读取数据没有间断。再让Primary宕机,不开启,读取也不受影响。
上面的实验证明了:在Primary宕机的时候,程序脚本仍可以读取,不需要人为的去干预。一进步说明,读取是在Secondary上面。
总结:
刚接触MongoDB,能想到的就这些,后期发现一些新的知识点会不定时更新该文章。
更多信息见:
http://www.cnblogs.com/magialmoon/p/3251330.html
http://www.cnblogs.com/magialmoon/p/3261849.html
http://www.cnblogs.com/magialmoon/p/3268963.html
http://www.lanceyan.com/tech/mongodb/mongodb_cluster_1.html
http://www.lanceyan.com/tech/mongodb/mongodb_repset1.html
http://m.blog.csdn.net/blog/lance_yan/19332981
http://www.cnblogs.com/geekma/archive/2013/05/09/3068988.html
读写分离:
http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-15795819-id-3075952.html
http://blog.csdn.net/kyfxbl/article/details/12219483