Python3 数字(Number)
定义：a＝1
特性：
1.只能存放一个值
2.一经定义，不可更改
3.直接访问
分类：整型，长整型，布尔，浮点，复数
python2.*与python3.*关于整型的区别
python2.* 在32位机器上，整数的位数为32位，取值范围为-2**31～2**31-1，即-2147483648～2147483647
在64位系统上，整数的位数为64位，取值范围为-2**63～2**63-1，即-9223372036854775808～9223372036854775807 python3.*整形长度无限制
Python 数字数据类型用于存储数值。
数据类型是不允许改变的,这就意味着如果改变数字数据类型得值，将重新分配内存空间。
整型工厂函数int()
python2
class int(object):
"""
int(x=0) -> int or long
int(x, base=10) -> int or long
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
"""
def bit_length(self):
""" 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """
"""
int.bit_length() -> int
Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
>>> bin(37)
'0b100101'
>>> (37).bit_length()
"""
return 0
def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
""" Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
pass
def __abs__(self):
""" 返回绝对值 """
""" x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
pass
def __add__(self, y):
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass
def __and__(self, y):
""" x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
pass
def __cmp__(self, y):
""" 比较两个数大小 """
""" x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
pass
def __coerce__(self, y):
""" 强制生成一个元组 """
""" x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
pass
def __divmod__(self, y):
""" 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """
""" x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
pass
def __div__(self, y):
""" x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
pass
def __float__(self):
""" 转换为浮点类型 """
""" x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
pass
def __floordiv__(self, y):
""" x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
pass
def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __getattribute__(self, name):
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """
pass
def __hash__(self):
"""如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。"""
""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
pass
def __hex__(self):
""" 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """
""" x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
pass
def __index__(self):
""" 用于切片，数字无意义 """
""" x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
pass
def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
""" 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """
"""
int(x=0) -> int or long
int(x, base=10) -> int or long
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass
def __int__(self):
""" 转换为整数 """
""" x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
pass
def __invert__(self):
""" x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
pass
def __long__(self):
""" 转换为长整数 """
""" x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
pass
def __lshift__(self, y):
""" x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
pass
def __mod__(self, y):
""" x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
pass
def __mul__(self, y):
""" x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
pass
def __neg__(self):
""" x.__neg__() <==> -x """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more):
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass
def __nonzero__(self):
""" x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
pass
def __oct__(self):
""" 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """
""" x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
pass
def __or__(self, y):
""" x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
pass
def __pos__(self):
""" x.__pos__() <==> +x """
pass
def __pow__(self, y, z=None):
""" 幂，次方 """
""" x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
pass
def __radd__(self, y):
""" x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
pass
def __rand__(self, y):
""" x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
pass
def __rdivmod__(self, y):
""" x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
pass
def __rdiv__(self, y):
""" x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
pass
def __repr__(self):
"""转化为解释器可读取的形式 """
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass
def __str__(self):
"""转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式"""
""" x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
pass
def __rfloordiv__(self, y):
""" x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
pass
def __rlshift__(self, y):
""" x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
pass
def __rmod__(self, y):
""" x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
pass
def __rmul__(self, y):
""" x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
pass
def __ror__(self, y):
""" x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
pass
def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):
""" y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
pass
def __rrshift__(self, y):
""" x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
pass
def __rshift__(self, y):
""" x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
pass
def __rsub__(self, y):
""" x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
pass
def __rtruediv__(self, y):
""" x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
pass
def __rxor__(self, y):
""" x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
pass
def __sub__(self, y):
""" x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
pass
def __truediv__(self, y):
""" x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
pass
def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义 """
pass
def __xor__(self, y):
""" x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
pass
denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
""" 分母 = 1 """
"""the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
""" 虚数，无意义 """
"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""
numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
""" 分子 = 数字大小 """
"""the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
""" 实属，无意义 """
"""the real part of a complex number"""
int
python2.7
python3
class int(object):
"""
int(x=0) -> integer
int(x, base=10) -> integer
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating point
numbers, this truncates towards zero.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
"""
def bit_length(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """
"""
int.bit_length() -> int
Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
>>> bin(37)
'0b100101'
>>> (37).bit_length()
"""
return 0
def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
""" Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
pass
@classmethod # known case
def from_bytes(cls, bytes, byteorder, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
"""
int.from_bytes(bytes, byteorder, *, signed=False) -> int
Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
The bytes argument must be a bytes-like object (e.g. bytes or bytearray).
The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the
integer. If byteorder is 'big', the most significant byte is at the
beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is 'little', the most
significant byte is at the end of the byte array. To request the native
byte order of the host system, use `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.
The signed keyword-only argument indicates whether two's complement is
used to represent the integer.
"""
pass
def to_bytes(self, length, byteorder, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
"""
int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, *, signed=False) -> bytes
Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
The integer is represented using length bytes. An OverflowError is
raised if the integer is not representable with the given number of
bytes.
The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the
integer. If byteorder is 'big', the most significant byte is at the
beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is 'little', the most
significant byte is at the end of the byte array. To request the native
byte order of the host system, use `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.
The signed keyword-only argument determines whether two's complement is
used to represent the integer. If signed is False and a negative integer
is given, an OverflowError is raised.
"""
pass
def __abs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" abs(self) """
pass
def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self+value. """
pass
def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self&value. """
pass
def __bool__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" self != 0 """
pass
def __ceil__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
整数返回自己
如果是小数
math.ceil(3.1)返回4
"""
""" Ceiling of an Integral returns itself. """
pass
def __divmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """
""" Return divmod(self, value). """
pass
def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self==value. """
pass
def __float__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" float(self) """
pass
def __floordiv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self//value. """
pass
def __floor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Flooring an Integral returns itself. """
pass
def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return getattr(self, name). """
pass
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>=value. """
pass
def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>value. """
pass
def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return hash(self). """
pass
def __index__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 用于切片，数字无意义 """
""" Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list. """
pass
def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
""" 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """
"""
int(x=0) -> integer
int(x, base=10) -> integer
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating point
numbers, this truncates towards zero.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass
def __int__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" int(self) """
pass
def __invert__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" ~self """
pass
def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<=value. """
pass
def __lshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<<value. """
pass
def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<value. """
pass
def __mod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self%value. """
pass
def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self*value. """
pass
def __neg__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" -self """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass
def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self!=value. """
pass
def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self|value. """
pass
def __pos__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" +self """
pass
def __pow__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return pow(self, value, mod). """
pass
def __radd__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value+self. """
pass
def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value&self. """
pass
def __rdivmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return divmod(value, self). """
pass
def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return repr(self). """
pass
def __rfloordiv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value//self. """
pass
def __rlshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value<<self. """
pass
def __rmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value%self. """
pass
def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value*self. """
pass
def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value|self. """
pass
def __round__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Rounding an Integral returns itself.
Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
"""
pass
def __rpow__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return pow(value, self, mod). """
pass
def __rrshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value>>self. """
pass
def __rshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>>value. """
pass
def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value-self. """
pass
def __rtruediv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value/self. """
pass
def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value^self. """
pass
def __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Returns size in memory, in bytes """
pass
def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return str(self). """
pass
def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self-value. """
pass
def __truediv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self/value. """
pass
def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Truncating an Integral returns itself. """
pass
def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self^value. """
pass
denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""
numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the real part of a complex number"""
python3.5
长整型long：
python2.*： 跟C语言不同，Python的长整型没有指定位宽，也就是说Python没有限制长整型数值的大小， 但是实际上由于机器内存有限，所以我们使用的长整型数值不可能无限大。 在使用过程中，我们如何区分长整型和整型数值呢？ 通常的做法是在数字尾部加上一个大写字母L或小写字母l以表示该整数是长整型的，例如： a = 9223372036854775808L 注意，自从Python2起，如果发生溢出，Python会自动将整型数据转换为长整型， 所以如今在长整型数据后面不加字母L也不会导致严重后果了。
python3.* 长整型，整型统一归为整型
python2.7 >>> a=9223372036854775807 >>> a >>> a+=1 >>> a 9223372036854775808L python3.5 >>> a=9223372036854775807 >>> a >>> a+=1 >>> a 9223372036854775808
以下实例在变量赋值时 Number 对象将被创建：
var1 = 1 var2 = 10
int（整型）
在32位机器上，整数的位数为32位，取值范围为-2**31～2**31-1，即-2147483648～2147483647
在64位系统上，整数的位数为64位，取值范围为-2**63～2**63-1，即-9223372036854775808～9223372036854775807
class int(object):
"""
int(x=0) -> int or long
int(x, base=10) -> int or long
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
"""
def bit_length(self):
""" 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """
"""
int.bit_length() -> int
Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
>>> bin(37)
'0b100101'
>>> (37).bit_length()
"""
return 0
def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
""" Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
pass
def __abs__(self):
""" 返回绝对值 """
""" x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
pass
def __add__(self, y):
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass
def __and__(self, y):
""" x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
pass
def __cmp__(self, y):
""" 比较两个数大小 """
""" x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
pass
def __coerce__(self, y):
""" 强制生成一个元组 """
""" x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
pass
def __divmod__(self, y):
""" 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """
""" x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
pass
def __div__(self, y):
""" x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
pass
def __float__(self):
""" 转换为浮点类型 """
""" x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
pass
def __floordiv__(self, y):
""" x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
pass
def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __getattribute__(self, name):
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """
pass
def __hash__(self):
"""如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。"""
""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
pass
def __hex__(self):
""" 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """
""" x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
pass
def __index__(self):
""" 用于切片，数字无意义 """
""" x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
pass
def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
""" 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """
"""
int(x=0) -> int or long
int(x, base=10) -> int or long
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass
def __int__(self):
""" 转换为整数 """
""" x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
pass
def __invert__(self):
""" x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
pass
def __long__(self):
""" 转换为长整数 """
""" x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
pass
def __lshift__(self, y):
""" x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
pass
def __mod__(self, y):
""" x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
pass
def __mul__(self, y):
""" x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
pass
def __neg__(self):
""" x.__neg__() <==> -x """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more):
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass
def __nonzero__(self):
""" x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
pass
def __oct__(self):
""" 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """
""" x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
pass
def __or__(self, y):
""" x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
pass
def __pos__(self):
""" x.__pos__() <==> +x """
pass
def __pow__(self, y, z=None):
""" 幂，次方 """
""" x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
pass
def __radd__(self, y):
""" x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
pass
def __rand__(self, y):
""" x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
pass
def __rdivmod__(self, y):
""" x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
pass
def __rdiv__(self, y):
""" x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
pass
def __repr__(self):
"""转化为解释器可读取的形式 """
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass
def __str__(self):
"""转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式"""
""" x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
pass
def __rfloordiv__(self, y):
""" x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
pass
def __rlshift__(self, y):
""" x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
pass
def __rmod__(self, y):
""" x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
pass
def __rmul__(self, y):
""" x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
pass
def __ror__(self, y):
""" x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
pass
def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):
""" y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
pass
def __rrshift__(self, y):
""" x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
pass
def __rshift__(self, y):
""" x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
pass
def __rsub__(self, y):
""" x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
pass
def __rtruediv__(self, y):
""" x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
pass
def __rxor__(self, y):
""" x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
pass
def __sub__(self, y):
""" x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
pass
def __truediv__(self, y):
""" x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
pass
def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义 """
pass
def __xor__(self, y):
""" x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
pass
denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
""" 分母 = 1 """
"""the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
""" 虚数，无意义 """
"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""
numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
""" 分子 = 数字大小 """
"""the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
""" 实属，无意义 """
"""the real part of a complex number"""
int
您也可以使用del语句删除一些数字对象的引用。
del语句的语法是：
del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]]
您可以通过使用del语句删除单个或多个对象的引用，例如：
del var del var_a, var_b
Python 支持三种不同的数值类型：
- 整型(Int) - 通常被称为是整型或整数，是正或负整数，不带小数点。Python3 整型是没有限制大小的，可以当作 Long 类型使用，所以 Python3 没有 Python2 的 Long 类型。
- 浮点型(float) - 浮点型由整数部分与小数部分组成，浮点型也可以使用科学计数法表示（2.5e2 = 2.5 x 102 = 250）
- 复数( (complex)) - 复数由实数部分和虚数部分构成，可以用a + bj,或者complex(a,b)表示， 复数的实部a和虚部b都是浮点型。
我们可以使用十六进制和八进制来代表整数：
>>> number = 0xA0F # 十六进制 >>> number 2575 >>> number=0o37 # 八进制 >>> number 31
| int | float | complex |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | 0.0 | 3.14j |
| 100 | 15.20 | 45.j |
| -786 | -21.9 | 9.322e-36j |
| 080 | 32.3+e18 | .876j |
| -0490 | -90. | -.6545+0J |
| -0x260 | -32.54e100 | 3e+26J |
| 0x69 | 70.2-E12 | 4.53e-7j |
- Python支持复数，复数由实数部分和虚数部分构成，可以用a + bj,或者complex(a,b)表示， 复数的实部a和虚部b都是浮点型。
Python 数字类型转换
有时候，我们需要对数据内置的类型进行转换，数据类型的转换，你只需要将数据类型作为函数名即可。
-
int(x) 将x转换为一个整数。
-
float(x) 将x转换到一个浮点数。
-
complex(x) 将x转换到一个复数，实数部分为 x，虚数部分为 0。
-
complex(x, y) 将 x 和 y 转换到一个复数，实数部分为 x，虚数部分为 y。x 和 y 是数字表达式。
以下实例将浮点数变量 a 转换为整数：
>>> a = 1.0 >>> int(a) 1
Python 数字运算
Python 解释器可以作为一个简单的计算器，您可以在解释器里输入一个表达式，它将输出表达式的值。
表达式的语法很直白： +, -, * 和 / 和其它语言（如Pascal或C）里一样。例如：
>>> 2 + 2 4 >>> 50 - 5*6 20 >>> (50 - 5*6) / 4 5.0 >>> 8 / 5 # 总是返回一个浮点数 1.6
注意：在不同的机器上浮点运算的结果可能会不一样。
在整数除法中，除法（/）总是返回一个浮点数，如果只想得到整数的结果，丢弃可能的分数部分，可以使用运算符 // ：
>>> 17 / 3 # 整数除法返回浮点型 5.666666666666667 >>> >>> 17 // 3 # 整数除法返回向下取整后的结果 5 >>> 17 % 3 # ％操作符返回除法的余数 2 >>> 5 * 3 + 2 17
等号（=）用于给变量赋值。赋值之后，除了下一个提示符，解释器不会显示任何结果。
>>> width = 20 >>> height = 5*9 >>> width * height 900
Python 可以使用 ** 操作来进行幂运算：
>>> 5 ** 2 # 5 的平方 25 >>> 2 ** 7 # 2的7次方 128
变量在使用前必须先"定义"（即赋予变量一个值），否则会出现错误：
>>> n # 尝试访问一个未定义的变量 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'n' is not defined
不同类型的数混合运算时会将整数转换为浮点数：
>>> 3 * 3.75 / 1.5 7.5 >>> 7.0 / 2 3.5
在交互模式中，最后被输出的表达式结果被赋值给变量 _ 。例如：
>>> tax = 12.5 / 100 >>> price = 100.50 >>> price * tax 12.5625 >>> price + _ 113.0625 >>> round(_, 2) 113.06
此处， _ 变量应被用户视为只读变量。
数学函数
| 函数 | 返回值 ( 描述 ) |
|---|---|
| abs(x) | 返回数字的绝对值，如abs(-10) 返回 10 |
| ceil(x) | 返回数字的上入整数，如math.ceil(4.1) 返回 5 |
|
cmp(x, y) |
如果 x < y 返回 -1, 如果 x == y 返回 0, 如果 x > y 返回 1。 Python 3 已废弃 。使用 使用 (x>y)-(x<y) 替换。 |
| exp(x) | 返回e的x次幂(ex),如math.exp(1) 返回2.718281828459045 |
| fabs(x) | 返回数字的绝对值，如math.fabs(-10) 返回10.0 |
| floor(x) | 返回数字的下舍整数，如math.floor(4.9)返回 4 |
| log(x) | 如math.log(math.e)返回1.0,math.log(100,10)返回2.0 |
| log10(x) | 返回以10为基数的x的对数，如math.log10(100)返回 2.0 |
| max(x1, x2,...) | 返回给定参数的最大值，参数可以为序列。 |
| min(x1, x2,...) | 返回给定参数的最小值，参数可以为序列。 |
| modf(x) | 返回x的整数部分与小数部分，两部分的数值符号与x相同，整数部分以浮点型表示。 |
| pow(x, y) | x**y 运算后的值。 |
| round(x [,n]) | 返回浮点数x的四舍五入值，如给出n值，则代表舍入到小数点后的位数。 |
| sqrt(x) | 返回数字x的平方根，数字可以为负数，返回类型为实数，如math.sqrt(4)返回 2+0j |
随机数函数
随机数可以用于数学，游戏，安全等领域中，还经常被嵌入到算法中，用以提高算法效率，并提高程序的安全性。
Python包含以下常用随机数函数：
| 函数 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| choice(seq) | 从序列的元素中随机挑选一个元素，比如random.choice(range(10))，从0到9中随机挑选一个整数。 |
| randrange ([start,] stop [,step]) | 从指定范围内，按指定基数递增的集合中获取一个随机数，基数缺省值为1 |
| random() | 随机生成下一个实数，它在[0,1)范围内。 |
| seed([x]) | 改变随机数生成器的种子seed。如果你不了解其原理，你不必特别去设定seed，Python会帮你选择seed。 |
| shuffle(lst) | 将序列的所有元素随机排序 |
| uniform(x, y) | 随机生成下一个实数，它在[x,y]范围内。 |
三角函数
Python包括以下三角函数：
| 函数 | 描述 | |
|---|---|---|
| acos(x) | 返回x的反余弦弧度值。 | |
| asin(x) | 返回x的反正弦弧度值。 | |
| atan(x) | 返回x的反正切弧度值。 | |
| atan2(y, x) | 返回给定的 X 及 Y 坐标值的反正切值。 | |
| cos(x) | 返回x的弧度的余弦值。 | |
| hypot(x, y) | 返回欧几里德范数 sqrt(x*x + y*y)。 | |
| sin(x) | 返回的x弧度的正弦值。 | |
| tan(x) | 返回x弧度的正切值。 | |
| degrees(x) | 将弧度转换为角度,如degrees(math.pi/2) ， 返回90.0 | |
| radians(x) | 将角度转换为弧度 |
数学常量
| 常量 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| pi | 数学常量 pi（圆周率，一般以π来表示） |
| e | 数学常量 e，e即自然常数（自然常数）。 |
布尔值
真或假
1 或 0
浮点数float:
Python的浮点数就是数学中的小数，类似C语言中的double。 在运算中，整数与浮点数运算的结果是浮点数 浮点数也就是小数，之所以称为浮点数，是因为按照科学记数法表示时， 一个浮点数的小数点位置是可变的，比如，1.23*109和12.3*108是相等的。
浮点数可以用数学写法，如1.23，3.14，-9.01，等等。但是对于很大或很小的浮点数， 就必须用科学计数法表示，把10用e替代，1.23*109就是1.23e9，或者12.3e8，0.000012 可以写成1.2e-5，等等。 整数和浮点数在计算机内部存储的方式是不同的，
整数运算永远是精确的而浮点数运算则可能会有 四舍五入的误差。
数字相关内建函数
Python3 字符串
字符串是 Python 中最常用的数据类型。我们可以使用引号('或")来创建字符串。
定义：它是一个有序的字符的集合，用于存储和表示基本的文本信息，‘’或“”或‘’‘ ’‘’中间包含的内容称之为字符串 特性：
1.只能存放一个值 2.不可变 3.按照从左到右的顺序定义字符集合，下标从0开始顺序访问，有序
补充：
1.字符串的单引号和双引号都无法取消特殊字符的含义，如果想让引号内所有字符均取消特殊意义，在引号前面加r，如name＝r'l\thf'
2.unicode字符串与r连用必需在r前面，如name＝ur'l\thf'
字符串常用功能：
- 移除空白
- 分割
- 长度
- 索引
- 切片
class str(basestring):
"""
str(object='') -> string
Return a nice string representation of the object.
If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
"""
def capitalize(self):
""" 首字母变大写 """
"""
S.capitalize() -> string
Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
capitalized.
"""
return ""
def center(self, width, fillchar=None):
""" 内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无 """
"""
S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
"""
return ""
def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
""" 子序列个数 """
"""
S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
as in slice notation.
"""
return 0
def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
""" 解码 """
"""
S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
"""
return object()
def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
""" 编码，针对unicode """
"""
S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
"""
return object()
def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):
""" 是否以 xxx 结束 """
"""
S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
"""
return False
def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None):
""" 将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """
"""
S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string
Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
"""
return ""
def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
""" 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，返回 -1 """
"""
S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure.
"""
return 0
def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
""" 字符串格式化，动态参数，将函数式编程时细说 """
"""
S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string
Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
"""
pass
def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
""" 子序列位置，如果没找到，报错 """
S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
"""
return 0
def isalnum(self):
""" 是否是字母和数字 """
"""
S.isalnum() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def isalpha(self):
""" 是否是字母 """
"""
S.isalpha() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def isdigit(self):
""" 是否是数字 """
"""
S.isdigit() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are digits
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def islower(self):
""" 是否小写 """
"""
S.islower() -> bool
Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def isspace(self):
"""
S.isspace() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def istitle(self):
"""
S.istitle() -> bool
Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
otherwise.
"""
return False
def isupper(self):
"""
S.isupper() -> bool
Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def join(self, iterable):
""" 连接 """
"""
S.join(iterable) -> string
Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
iterable. The separator between elements is S.
"""
return ""
def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None):
""" 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """
"""
S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
"""
return ""
def lower(self):
""" 变小写 """
"""
S.lower() -> string
Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
"""
return ""
def lstrip(self, chars=None):
""" 移除左侧空白 """
"""
S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
"""
return ""
def partition(self, sep):
""" 分割，前，中，后三部分 """
"""
S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not
found, return S and two empty strings.
"""
pass
def replace(self, old, new, count=None):
""" 替换 """
"""
S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string
Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is
given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
"""
return ""
def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
"""
S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure.
"""
return 0
def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
"""
S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
"""
return 0
def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None):
"""
S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
"""
return ""
def rpartition(self, sep):
"""
S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the
separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
"""
pass
def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
"""
S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
is a separator.
"""
return []
def rstrip(self, chars=None):
"""
S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
"""
return ""
def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
""" 分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """
"""
S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
from the result.
"""
return []
def splitlines(self, keepends=False):
""" 根据换行分割 """
"""
S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings
Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
is given and true.
"""
return []
def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):
""" 是否起始 """
"""
S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
"""
return False
def strip(self, chars=None):
""" 移除两段空白 """
"""
S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode
Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
"""
return ""
def swapcase(self):
""" 大写变小写，小写变大写 """
"""
S.swapcase() -> string
Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
converted to lowercase and vice versa.
"""
return ""
def title(self):
"""
S.title() -> string
Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
"""
return ""
def translate(self, table, deletechars=None):
"""
转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合
intab = "aeiou"
outtab = "12345"
trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab)
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print str.translate(trantab, 'xm')
"""
"""
S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string
Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring
in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the
remaining characters have been mapped through the given
translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.
If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and
the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars.
"""
return ""
def upper(self):
"""
S.upper() -> string
Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.
"""
return ""
def zfill(self, width):
"""方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。"""
"""
S.zfill(width) -> string
Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.
"""
return ""
def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __add__(self, y):
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass
def __contains__(self, y):
""" x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
pass
def __eq__(self, y):
""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
pass
def __format__(self, format_spec):
"""
S.__format__(format_spec) -> string
Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
"""
return ""
def __getattribute__(self, name):
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass
def __getitem__(self, y):
""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
pass
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __getslice__(self, i, j):
"""
x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
Use of negative indices is not supported.
"""
pass
def __ge__(self, y):
""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
pass
def __gt__(self, y):
""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
pass
def __hash__(self):
""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
pass
def __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__
"""
str(object='') -> string
Return a nice string representation of the object.
If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass
def __len__(self):
""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
pass
def __le__(self, y):
""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
pass
def __lt__(self, y):
""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
pass
def __mod__(self, y):
""" x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
pass
def __mul__(self, n):
""" x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more):
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass
def __ne__(self, y):
""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
pass
def __repr__(self):
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass
def __rmod__(self, y):
""" x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
pass
def __rmul__(self, n):
""" x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
pass
def __sizeof__(self):
""" S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
pass
def __str__(self):
""" x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
pass
str
num = "1" #unicode
num.isdigit() # True
num.isdecimal() # True
num.isnumeric() # True
num = "1" # 全角
num.isdigit() # True
num.isdecimal() # True
num.isnumeric() # True
num = b"1" # byte
num.isdigit() # True
num.isdecimal() # AttributeError 'bytes' object has no attribute 'isdecimal'
num.isnumeric() # AttributeError 'bytes' object has no attribute 'isnumeric'
num = "IV" # 罗马数字
num.isdigit() # True
num.isdecimal() # False
num.isnumeric() # True
num = "四" # 汉字
num.isdigit() # False
num.isdecimal() # False
num.isnumeric() # True
===================
isdigit()
True: Unicode数字，byte数字（单字节），全角数字（双字节），罗马数字
False: 汉字数字
Error: 无
isdecimal()
True: Unicode数字，，全角数字（双字节）
False: 罗马数字，汉字数字
Error: byte数字（单字节）
isnumeric()
True: Unicode数字，全角数字（双字节），罗马数字，汉字数字
False: 无
Error: byte数字（单字节）
================
import unicodedata
unicodedata.digit("2") # 2
unicodedata.decimal("2") # 2
unicodedata.numeric("2") # 2.0
unicodedata.digit("2") # 2
unicodedata.decimal("2") # 2
unicodedata.numeric("2") # 2.0
unicodedata.digit(b"3") # TypeError: must be str, not bytes
unicodedata.decimal(b"3") # TypeError: must be str, not bytes
unicodedata.numeric(b"3") # TypeError: must be str, not bytes
unicodedata.digit("Ⅷ") # ValueError: not a digit
unicodedata.decimal("Ⅷ") # ValueError: not a decimal
unicodedata.numeric("Ⅷ") # 8.0
unicodedata.digit("四") # ValueError: not a digit
unicodedata.decimal("四") # ValueError: not a decimal
unicodedata.numeric("四") # 4.0
#"〇","零","一","壱","二","弐","三","参","四","五","六","七","八","九","十","廿","卅","卌","百","千","万","万","亿"
python中str函数isdigit、isdecimal、isnumeric的区别
创建字符串很简单，只要为变量分配一个值即可。例如：
var1 = 'Hello World!' var2 = "Runoob"
Python 访问字符串中的值
Python 不支持单字符类型，单字符也在Python也是作为一个字符串使用。
Python 访问子字符串，可以使用方括号来截取字符串，如下实例：
#!/usr/bin/python3
var1 = 'Hello World!'
var2 = "Runoob"
print ("var1[0]: ", var1[0])
print ("var2[1:5]: ", var2[1:5])
以上实例执行结果：
var1[0]: H var2[1:5]: unoo
Python字符串更新
你可以对已存在的字符串进行修改，并赋值给另一个变量，如下实例：
#!/usr/bin/python3
var1 = 'Hello World!'
print ("已更新字符串 : ", var1[:6] + 'Runoob!')
以上实例执行结果
已更新字符串 : Hello Runoob!
Python转义字符
在需要在字符中使用特殊字符时，python用反斜杠(\)转义字符。如下表：
| 转义字符 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| \(在行尾时) | 续行符 |
| \\ | 反斜杠符号 |
| \' | 单引号 |
| \" | 双引号 |
| \a | 响铃 |
| \b | 退格(Backspace) |
| \e | 转义 |
| \000 | 空 |
| \n | 换行 |
| \v | 纵向制表符 |
| \t | 横向制表符 |
| \r | 回车 |
| \f | 换页 |
| \oyy | 八进制数，yy代表的字符，例如：\o12代表换行 |
| \xyy | 十六进制数，yy代表的字符，例如：\x0a代表换行 |
| \other | 其它的字符以普通格式输出 |
Python字符串运算符
下表实例变量a值为字符串 "Hello"，b变量值为 "Python"：
| 操作符 | 描述 | 实例 |
|---|---|---|
| + | 字符串连接 | a + b 输出结果： HelloPython |
| * | 重复输出字符串 | a*2 输出结果：HelloHello |
| [] | 通过索引获取字符串中字符 | a[1] 输出结果 e |
| [ : ] | 截取字符串中的一部分 | a[1:4] 输出结果 ell |
| in | 成员运算符 - 如果字符串中包含给定的字符返回 True | H in a 输出结果 1 |
| not in | 成员运算符 - 如果字符串中不包含给定的字符返回 True | M not in a 输出结果 1 |
| r/R | 原始字符串 - 原始字符串：所有的字符串都是直接按照字面的意思来使用，没有转义特殊或不能打印的字符。 原始字符串除在字符串的第一个引号前加上字母"r"（可以大小写）以外，与普通字符串有着几乎完全相同的语法。 |
print r'\n' prints \n 和 print R'\n' prints \n |
| % | 格式字符串 | 请看下一节内容。 |
实例
#!/usr/bin/python3
a = "Hello"
b = "Python"
print("a + b 输出结果：", a + b)
print("a * 2 输出结果：", a * 2)
print("a[1] 输出结果：", a[1])
print("a[1:4] 输出结果：", a[1:4])
if( "H" in a) :
print("H 在变量 a 中")
else :
print("H 不在变量 a 中")
if( "M" not in a) :
print("M 不在变量 a 中")
else :
print("M 在变量 a 中")
print (r'\n')
print (R'\n')
以上实例输出结果为：
a + b 输出结果： HelloPython a * 2 输出结果： HelloHello a[1] 输出结果： e a[1:4] 输出结果： ell H 在变量 a 中 M 不在变量 a 中 \n \n
Python字符串格式化
Python 支持格式化字符串的输出 。尽管这样可能会用到非常复杂的表达式，但最基本的用法是将一个值插入到一个有字符串格式符 %s 的字符串中。
在 Python 中，字符串格式化使用与 C 中 sprintf 函数一样的语法。
如下实例：
#!/usr/bin/python3
print ("我叫 %s 今年 %d 岁!" % ('小明', 10))
以上实例输出结果：
我叫 小明 今年 10 岁!
python字符串格式化符号:
<tbody
| 符 号 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| %c | 格式化字符及其ASCII码 |
| %s | 格式化字符串 |
| %d | 格式化整数 |
| %u | 格式化无符号整型 |
| %o | 格式化无符号八进制数 |
| %x | 格式化无符号十六进制数 |
| %X | 格式化无符号十六进制数（大写） |
| %f | 格式化浮点数字，可指定小数点后的精度 |
| %e | 用科学计数法格式化浮点数 |
| %E | 作用同%e，用科学计数法格式化浮点数 |
| %g | %f和%e的简写 |
| %G | %f 和 %E 的简写 |
| %p | 用十六进制数格式化变量的地址 |
格式化操作符辅助指令:
| 符号 | 功能 |
|---|---|
| * | 定义宽度或者小数点精度 |
| - | 用做左对齐 |
| + | 在正数前面显示加号( + ) |
| <sp> | 在正数前面显示空格 |
| # | 在八进制数前面显示零('0')，在十六进制前面显示'0x'或者'0X'(取决于用的是'x'还是'X') |
| 0 | 显示的数字前面填充'0'而不是默认的空格 |
| % | '%%'输出一个单一的'%' |
| (var) | 映射变量(字典参数) |
| m.n. | m 是显示的最小总宽度,n 是小数点后的位数(如果可用的话) |
Python三引号
python三引号允许一个字符串跨多行，字符串中可以包含换行符、制表符以及其他特殊字符。实例如下
#!/usr/bin/python3 para_str = """这是一个多行字符串的实例 多行字符串可以使用制表符 TAB ( \t )。 也可以使用换行符 [ \n ]。 """ print (para_str)
以上实例执行结果为：
这是一个多行字符串的实例 多行字符串可以使用制表符 TAB ( )。 也可以使用换行符 [ ]。
三引号让程序员从引号和特殊字符串的泥潭里面解脱出来，自始至终保持一小块字符串的格式是所谓的WYSIWYG（所见即所得）格式的。
一个典型的用例是，当你需要一块HTML或者SQL时，这时用字符串组合，特殊字符串转义将会非常的繁琐。
errHTML = '''
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>
Friends CGI Demo</TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY><H3>ERROR</H3>
<B>%s</B><P>
<FORM><INPUT TYPE=button VALUE=Back
ONCLICK="window.history.back()"></FORM>
</BODY></HTML>
'''
cursor.execute('''
CREATE TABLE users (
login VARCHAR(8),
uid INTEGER,
prid INTEGER)
''')
Unicode 字符串
在Python2中，普通字符串是以8位ASCII码进行存储的，而Unicode字符串则存储为16位unicode字符串，这样能够表示更多的字符集。使用的语法是在字符串前面加上前缀 u。
在Python3中，所有的字符串都是Unicode字符串。
小结
Python 3的字符串使用Unicode，直接支持多语言。
str和bytes互相转换时，需要指定编码。最常用的编码是UTF-8。Python当然也支持其他编码方式，比如把Unicode编码成GB2312：
>>> '中文'.encode('gb2312')
b'\xd6\xd0\xce\xc4'
但这种方式纯属自找麻烦，如果没有特殊业务要求，请牢记仅使用UTF-8编码。
格式化字符串的时候，可以用Python的交互式命令行测试，方便快捷。
Python 的字符串内建函数
Python 的字符串常用内建函数如下：
| 序号 | 方法及描述 |
|---|---|
| 1 |
capitalize() 将字符串的第一个字符转换为大写 |
| 2 | 返回一个指定的宽度 width 居中的字符串，fillchar 为填充的字符，默认为空格。 |
| 3 | 返回 str 在 string 里面出现的次数，如果 beg 或者 end 指定则返回指定范围内 str 出现的次数 |
| 4 | 使用指定编码来解码字符串。默认编码为字符串编码。 |
| 5 | 以 encoding 指定的编码格式编码字符串，如果出错默认报一个ValueError 的异常，除非 errors 指定的是'ignore'或者'replace' |
| 6 |
endswith(suffix, beg=0, end=len(string)) 检查字符串是否以 obj 结束，如果beg 或者 end 指定则检查指定的范围内是否以 obj 结束，如果是，返回 True,否则返回 False. |
| 7 | 把字符串 string 中的 tab 符号转为空格，tab 符号默认的空格数是 8 。 |
| 8 | 检测 str 是否包含在字符串中 中，如果 beg 和 end 指定范围，则检查是否包含在指定范围内，如果是返回开始的索引值，否则返回-1 |
| 9 | 跟find()方法一样，只不过如果str不在字符串中会报一个异常. |
| 10 | 如果字符串至少有一个字符并且所有字符都是字母或数字则返 回 True,否则返回 False |
| 11 | 如果字符串至少有一个字符并且所有字符都是字母则返回 True, 否则返回 False |
| 12 | 如果字符串只包含数字则返回 True 否则返回 False.. |
| 13 | 如果字符串中包含至少一个区分大小写的字符，并且所有这些(区分大小写的)字符都是小写，则返回 True，否则返回 False |
| 14 | 如果字符串中只包含数字字符，则返回 True，否则返回 False |
| 15 | 如果字符串中只包含空格，则返回 True，否则返回 False. |
| 16 | 如果字符串是标题化的(见 title())则返回 True，否则返回 False |
| 17 | 如果字符串中包含至少一个区分大小写的字符，并且所有这些(区分大小写的)字符都是大写，则返回 True，否则返回 False |
| 18 | 以指定字符串作为分隔符，将 seq 中所有的元素(的字符串表示)合并为一个新的字符串 |
| 19 | 返回字符串长度 |
| 20 | 返回一个原字符串左对齐,并使用 fillchar 填充至长度 width 的新字符串，fillchar 默认为空格。 |
| 21 | 转换字符串中所有大写字符为小写. |
| 22 | 截掉字符串左边的空格 |
| 23 | 创建字符映射的转换表，对于接受两个参数的最简单的调用方式，第一个参数是字符串，表示需要转换的字符，第二个参数也是字符串表示转换的目标。 |
| 24 | 返回字符串 str 中最大的字母。 |
| 25 | 返回字符串 str 中最小的字母。 |
| 26 | 把 将字符串中的 str1 替换成 str2,如果 max 指定，则替换不超过 max 次。 |
| 27 | 类似于 find()函数，不过是从右边开始查找. |
| 28 | 类似于 index()，不过是从右边开始. |
| 29 | 返回一个原字符串右对齐,并使用fillchar(默认空格）填充至长度 width 的新字符串 |
| 30 | 删除字符串字符串末尾的空格. |
| 31 | num=string.count(str)) 以 str 为分隔符截取字符串，如果 num 有指定值，则仅截取 num 个子字符串 |
| 32 | 按照行分隔，返回一个包含各行作为元素的列表，如果 num 指定则仅切片 num 个行. |
| 33 | 检查字符串是否是以 obj 开头，是则返回 True，否则返回 False。如果beg 和 end 指定值，则在指定范围内检查。 |
| 34 | 在字符串上执行 lstrip()和 rstrip() |
| 35 | 将字符串中大写转换为小写，小写转换为大写 |
| 36 | 返回"标题化"的字符串,就是说所有单词都是以大写开始，其余字母均为小写(见 istitle()) |
| 37 | 根据 str 给出的表(包含 256 个字符)转换 string 的字符, 要过滤掉的字符放到 deletechars 参数中 |
| 38 | 转换字符串中的小写字母为大写 |
| 39 | 返回长度为 width 的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0 |
| 40 | 检查字符串是否只包含十进制字符，如果是返回 true，否则返回 false。 |
Python3 列表
序列是Python中最基本的数据结构。序列中的每个元素都分配一个数字 - 它的位置，或索引，第一个索引是0，第二个索引是1，依此类推。
Python有6个序列的内置类型，但最常见的是列表和元组。
序列都可以进行的操作包括索引，切片，加，乘，检查成员。
此外，Python已经内置确定序列的长度以及确定最大和最小的元素的方法。
列表是最常用的Python数据类型，它可以作为一个方括号内的逗号分隔值出现。
Python内置的一种数据类型是列表：list。list是一种有序的集合，可以随时添加和删除其中的元素。
列表的数据项不需要具有相同的类型
定义：[]内以逗号分隔，按照索引，存放各种数据类型，每个位置代表一个元素
特性：
1.可存放多个值
2.可修改指定索引位置对应的值，可变
3.按照从左到右的顺序定义列表元素，下标从0开始顺序访问，有序
基本操作：
- 索引
- 切片
- 追加
- 删除
- 长度
- 切片
- 循环
- 包含
class list(object):
"""
list() -> new empty list
list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
"""
def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.append(object) -- append object to end """
pass
def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
return 0
def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
pass
def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
"""
return 0
def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
pass
def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
"""
pass
def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
"""
pass
def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
pass
def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
"""
pass
def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass
def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
pass
def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
pass
def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]
Use of negative indices is not supported.
"""
pass
def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
pass
def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass
def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
pass
def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
Use of negative indices is not supported.
"""
pass
def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
pass
def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
pass
def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """
pass
def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """
pass
def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
"""
list() -> new empty list
list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass
def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
pass
def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
pass
def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
pass
def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
pass
def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass
def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
pass
def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass
def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
pass
def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
pass
def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
pass
def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y
Use of negative indices is not supported.
"""
pass
def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
pass
__hash__ = None
list
创建一个列表，只要把逗号分隔的不同的数据项使用方括号括起来即可。如下所示：
list1 = ['Google', 'Runoob', 1997, 2000]; list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]; list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"];
与字符串的索引一样，列表索引从0开始。列表可以进行截取、组合等。
访问列表中的值
使用下标索引来访问列表中的值，同样你也可以使用方括号的形式截取字符，如下所示：
#!/usr/bin/python3
list1 = ['Google', 'Runoob', 1997, 2000];
list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ];
print ("list1[0]: ", list1[0])
print ("list2[1:5]: ", list2[1:5])
以上实例输出结果：
list1[0]: Google list2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]
更新列表
你可以对列表的数据项进行修改或更新，你也可以使用append()方法来添加列表项，如下所示：
#!/usr/bin/python3
list = ['Google', 'Runoob', 1997, 2000]
print ("第三个元素为 : ", list[2])
list[2] = 2001
print ("更新后的第三个元素为 : ", list[2])
注意：我们会在接下来的章节讨论append()方法的使用
以上实例输出结果：
第三个元素为 : 1997 更新后的第三个元素为 : 2001
删除列表元素
可以使用 del 语句来删除列表的的元素，如下实例：
#!/usr/bin/python3
list = ['Google', 'Runoob', 1997, 2000]
print (list)
del list[2]
print ("删除第三个元素 : ", list)
以上实例输出结果：
删除第三个元素 : ['Google', 'Runoob', 2000]
注意：我们会在接下来的章节讨论remove()方法的使用
Python列表脚本操作符
列表对 + 和 * 的操作符与字符串相似。+ 号用于组合列表，* 号用于重复列表。
如下所示：
| Python 表达式 | 结果 | 描述 |
|---|---|---|
| len([1, 2, 3]) | 3 | 长度 |
| [1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] | [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] | 组合 |
| ['Hi!'] * 4 | ['Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!'] | 重复 |
| 3 in [1, 2, 3] | True | 元素是否存在于列表中 |
| for x in [1, 2, 3]: print x, | 1 2 3 | 迭代 |
Python列表截取与拼接
Python的列表截取与字符串操作类型，如下所示：
L=['Google', 'Runoob', 'Taobao']
操作：
| Python 表达式 | 结果 | 描述 |
|---|---|---|
| L[2] | 'Taobao' | 读取第三个元素 |
| L[-2] | 'Runoob' | 从右侧开始读取倒数第二个元素: count from the right |
| L[1:] | ['Runoob', 'Taobao'] | 输出从第二个元素开始后的所有元素 |
>>> L=['Google', 'Runoob', 'Taobao'] >>> L[2] 'Taobao' >>> L[-2] 'Runoob' >>> L[1:] ['Runoob', 'Taobao'] >>>
列表还支持拼接操作：
>>> squares = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] >>> squares + [36, 49, 64, 81, 100] [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
嵌套列表
使用嵌套列表即在列表里创建其它列表，例如：
>>> a = ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> n = [1, 2, 3] >>> x = [a, n] >>> x [['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]] >>> x[0] ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> x[0][1] 'b'
Python列表函数&方法
Python包含以下函数:
| 序号 | 函数 |
|---|---|
| 1 | len(list) 列表元素个数 |
| 2 | max(list) 返回列表元素最大值 |
| 3 | min(list) 返回列表元素最小值 |
| 4 | list(seq) 将元组转换为列表 |
Python包含以下方法:
| 序号 | 方法 |
|---|---|
| 1 | list.append(obj) 在列表末尾添加新的对象 |
| 2 | list.count(obj) 统计某个元素在列表中出现的次数 |
| 3 | list.extend(seq) 在列表末尾一次性追加另一个序列中的多个值（用新列表扩展原来的列表） |
| 4 | list.index(obj) 从列表中找出某个值第一个匹配项的索引位置 |
| 5 | list.insert(index, obj) 将对象插入列表 |
| 6 | list.pop(obj=list[-1]) 移除列表中的一个元素（默认最后一个元素），并且返回该元素的值 |
| 7 | list.remove(obj) 移除列表中某个值的第一个匹配项 |
| 8 | list.reverse() 反向列表中元素 |
| 9 | list.sort([func]) 对原列表进行排序 |
| 10 | list.clear() 清空列表 |
| 11 | list.copy() 复制列表 |
自己不努力，谁也给不了自己想要的生活
