201771010137赵栋《第九周学习总结》
1、实验目的与要求
(1) 掌握java异常处理技术;
(2) 了解断言的用法;
(3) 了解日志的用途;
(4) 掌握程序基础调试技巧;
1.Throwable类中的常用方法
注意:catch关键字后面括号中的Exception类型的参数e。Exception就是try代码块传递给catch代码块的变量类型,e就是变量名。catch代码块中语句"e.getMessage();"用于输出错误性质。通常异常处理常用3个函数来获取异常的有关信息:
getCause():返回抛出异常的原因。如果 cause 不存在或未知,则返回 null。
getMeage():返回异常的消息信息。
printStackTrace():对象的堆栈跟踪输出至错误输出流,作为字段 System.err 的值。
有时为了简单会忽略掉catch语句后的代码,这样try-catch语句就成了一种摆设,一旦程序在运行过程中出现了异常,就会忽略处理异常,而错误发生的原因很难查找。
1. runtimeException子类:
1、 java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException 数组索引越界异常。当对数组的索引值为负数或大于等于数组大小时抛出。 2、java.lang.ArithmeticException 算术条件异常。譬如:整数除零等。 3、java.lang.NullPointerException 空指针异常。当应用试图在要求使用对象的地方使用了null时,抛出该异常。譬如:调用null对象的实例方法、访问null对象的属性、计算null对象的长度、使用throw语句抛出null等等 4、java.lang.ClassNotFoundException 找不到类异常。当应用试图根据字符串形式的类名构造类,而在遍历CLASSPAH之后找不到对应名称的class文件时,抛出该异常。
5、java.lang.NegativeArraySizeException 数组长度为负异常
6、java.lang.ArrayStoreException 数组中包含不兼容的值抛出的异常
7、java.lang.SecurityException 安全性异常
8、java.lang.IllegalArgumentException 非法参数异常
2.IOException
IOException:操作输入流和输出流时可能出现的异常。
EOFException 文件已结束异常
FileNotFoundException 文件未找到异常
3. 其他
ClassCastException 类型转换异常类
ArrayStoreException 数组中包含不兼容的值抛出的异常
SQLException 操作数据库异常类
NoSuchFieldException 字段未找到异常
NoSuchMethodException 方法未找到抛出的异常
NumberFormatException 字符串转换为数字抛出的异常
StringIndexOutOfBoundsException 字符串索引超出范围抛出的异常
IllegalAccessException 不允许访问某类异常
4.自定义异常
用Java内置的异常类可以描述在编程时出现的大部分异常情况。除此之外,用户还可以自定义异常。用户自定义异常类,只需继承Exception类即可。
在程序中使用自定义异常类,大体可分为以下几个步骤。
(1)创建自定义异常类。
(2)在方法中通过throw关键字抛出异常对象。
(3)如果在当前抛出异常的方法中处理异常,可以使用try-catch语句捕获并处理;否则在方法的声明处通过throws关键字指明要抛出给方法调用者的异常,继续进行下一步操作。
(4)在出现异常方法的调用者中捕获并处理异常。
2、实验内容和步骤
实验1:用命令行与IDE两种环境下编辑调试运行源程序ExceptionDemo1、ExceptionDemo2,结合程序运行结果理解程序,掌握未检查异常和已检查异常的区别。
//异常示例1 public class ExceptionDemo1 { public static void main(String args[]) { int a = 0; System.out.println(5 / a); } } |
//异常示例2 import java.io.*;
public class ExceptionDemo2 { public static void main(String args[]) { FileInputStream fis=new FileInputStream("text.txt");//JVM自动生成异常对象 int b; while((b=fis.read())!=-1) { System.out.print(b); } fis.close(); } } |
实验2: 导入以下示例程序,测试程序并进行代码注释。
测试程序1:
l 在elipse IDE中编辑、编译、调试运行教材281页7-1,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 在程序中相关代码处添加新知识的注释;
l 掌握Throwable类的堆栈跟踪方法;
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package stackTrace; import java.util.*; /** * A program that displays a trace feature of a recursive method call. * @version 1.01 2004-05-10 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class StackTraceTest { /** * Computes the factorial of a number * @param n a non-negative integer * @return n! = 1 * 2 * . . . * n */ public static int factorial(int n) { System.out.println("factorial(" + n + "):"); Throwable t = new Throwable(); StackTraceElement[] frames = t.getStackTrace(); for (StackTraceElement f : frames) System.out.println(f); int r; if (n <= 1) r = 1; else r = n * factorial(n - 1); System.out.println("return " + r); return r; } public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter n: "); int n = in.nextInt(); factorial(n); } }
测试程序2:
l Java语言的异常处理有积极处理方法和消极处理两种方式;
l 下列两个简答程序范例给出了两种异常处理的代码格式。在elipse IDE中编辑、调试运行源程序ExceptionalTest.java,将程序中的text文件更换为身份证号.txt,要求将文件内容读入内容,并在控制台显示;
l 掌握两种异常处理技术的特点。
//积极处理方式 import java.io.*;
class ExceptionTest { public static void main (string args[]) { try{ FileInputStream fis=new FileInputStream("text.txt"); } catch(FileNotFoundExcption e) { …… } …… } } |
//消极处理方式
import java.io.*; class ExceptionTest { public static void main (string args[]) throws FileNotFoundExcption { FileInputStream fis=new FileInputStream("text.txt"); } } |
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//积极处理方式 import java.io.*; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.FileReader; class ExceptionTest { public static void main (String args[]) { File fis=new File("身份证号.txt"); try { FileReader fr = new FileReader(fis); BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr); try { String s, s2 = new String(); while ((s = br.readLine()) != null) { s2 += s + "\n "; } br.close(); System.out.println(s2); }catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }catch(FileNotFoundExcption e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
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//消极处理方式 import java.io.*; class ExceptionTest1 { public static void main (String args[]) throws IOException { File fis=new File("身份证号.txt"); FileReader fr = new FileReader(fis); BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr); String s, s2 = new String(); while ((s = br.readLine()) != null) { s2 += s + "\n "; } br.close(); System.out.println(s2); } }
实验3: 编程练习
练习1:
l 编制一个程序,将身份证号.txt 中的信息读入到内存中;
l 按姓名字典序输出人员信息;
l 查询最大年龄的人员信息;
l 查询最小年龄人员信息;
l 输入你的年龄,查询身份证号.txt中年龄与你最近人的姓名、身份证号、年龄、性别和出生地;
l 查询人员中是否有你的同乡;
l 在以上程序适当位置加入异常捕获代码。
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import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.Scanner; public class A{ private static ArrayList<Test> studentlist; public static void main(String[] args) { studentlist = new ArrayList<>(); Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); File file = new File("D:\\身份证号.txt"); try { FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis)); String temp = null; while ((temp = in.readLine()) != null) { Scanner linescanner = new Scanner(temp); linescanner.useDelimiter(" "); String name = linescanner.next(); String number = linescanner.next(); String sex = linescanner.next(); String age = linescanner.next(); String province =linescanner.nextLine(); Test student = new Test(); student.setName(name); student.setnumber(number); student.setsex(sex); int a = Integer.parseInt(age); student.setage(a); student.setprovince(province); studentlist.add(student); } } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("学生信息文件找不到"); e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("学生信息文件读取错误"); e.printStackTrace(); } boolean isTrue = true; while (isTrue) { System.out.println("1:字典排序"); System.out.println("2:输出年龄最大和年龄最小的人"); System.out.println("3:寻找老乡"); System.out.println("4:寻找年龄相近的人"); System.out.println("5:退出"); String m = scanner.next(); switch (m) { case "1": Collections.sort(studentlist); System.out.println(studentlist.toString()); break; case "2": int max=0,min=100; int j,k1 = 0,k2=0; for(int i=1;i<studentlist.size();i++) { j=studentlist.get(i).getage(); if(j>max) { max=j; k1=i; } if(j<min) { min=j; k2=i; } } System.out.println("年龄最大:"+studentlist.get(k1)); System.out.println("年龄最小:"+studentlist.get(k2)); break; case "3": System.out.println("province?"); String find = scanner.next(); String place=find.substring(0,3); for (int i = 0; i <studentlist.size(); i++) { if(studentlist.get(i).getprovince().substring(1,4).equals(place)) System.out.println("province"+studentlist.get(i)); } break; case "4": System.out.println("年龄:"); int yourage = scanner.nextInt(); int near=agematched(yourage); int value=yourage-studentlist.get(near).getage(); System.out.println(""+studentlist.get(near)); break; case "5": isTrue = false; System.out.println("退出程序!"); break; default: System.out.println("输入有误"); } } } public static int agematched(int age) { int j=0,min=53,value=0,k=0; for (int i = 0; i < studentlist.size(); i++) { value=studentlist.get(i).getage()-age; if(value<0) value=-value; if (value<min) { min=value; k=i; } } return k; } }
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public class Test implements Comparable<Test> { private String name; private String number ; private String sex ; private int age; private String province; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public String getnumber() { return number; } public void setnumber(String number) { this.number = number; } public String getsex() { return sex ; } public void setsex(String sex ) { this.sex =sex ; } public int getage() { return age; } public void setage(int age) { this.age= age; } public String getprovince() { return province; } public void setprovince(String province) { this.province=province ; } public int compareTo(Test o) { return this.name.compareTo(o.getName()); } public String toString() { return name+"\t"+sex+"\t"+age+"\t"+number+"\t"+province+"\n"; } }
注:以下实验课后完成
练习2:
l 编写一个计算器类,可以完成加、减、乘、除的操作;
l 利用计算机类,设计一个小学生100以内数的四则运算练习程序,由计算机随机产生10道加减乘除练习题,学生输入答案,由程序检查答案是否正确,每道题正确计10分,错误不计分,10道题测试结束后给出测试总分;
l 将程序中测试练习题及学生答题结果输出到文件,文件名为test.txt;
l 在以上程序适当位置加入异常捕获代码。
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import java.util.Random; import java.util.Scanner; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.PrintWriter; public class math{ public static void main(String[] args) { yunsuan counter=new yunsuan();//与其它类建立联系 PrintWriter out=null; try { out=new PrintWriter("D:/text.txt"); }catch(FileNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } int sum=0; for(int i=0;i<10;i++) { int a=new Random().nextInt(100); int b=new Random().nextInt(100); Scanner in=new Scanner(System.in); //in.close(); switch((int)(Math.random()*4)) { case 0: System.out.println( ""+a+"+"+b+"="); int c1 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a+"+"+b+"="+c1); if (c1 == counter.add(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("答案正确"); } else { System.out.println("答案错误"); } break ; case 1: if(a<b) { int temp=a; a=b; b=temp; }//为避免减数比被减数大的情况 System.out.println(""+a+"-"+b+"="); /*while((a-b)<0) { b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); }*/ int c2 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a+"-"+b+"="+c2); if (c2 == counter.reduce(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("答案正确"); } else { System.out.println("答案错误"); } break ; case 2: System.out.println(""+a+"*"+b+"="); int c = in.nextInt(); out.println(a+"*"+b+"="+c); if (c == counter.multiply(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("答案正确"); } else { System.out.println("答案错误"); } break; case 3: System.out.println(""+a+"/"+b+"="); while(b==0) { b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); } int c0= in.nextInt(); out.println(a+"/"+b+"="+c0); if (c0 == counter.devision(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("答案正确"); } else { System.out.println("答案错误"); } break; } } System.out.println("totlescore:"+sum); out.println(sum); out.close(); } }
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//import java.util.Random; public class yunsuan{ //int a=new Random().nextInt(100); //int b=new Random().nextInt(100); public int add(int a,int b) { return a+b; } public int reduce(int a,int b) { if((a-b)>0) return a-b; else return 0; } public int multiply(int a,int b) { return a*b; } public int devision(int a,int b) { if(b!=0) return a/b; else return 0; } }
实验4:断言、日志、程序调试技巧验证实验。
实验程序1:
//断言程序示例 public class AssertDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { test1(-5); test2(-3); }
private static void test1(int a){ assert a > 0; System.out.println(a); } private static void test2(int a){ assert a > 0 : "something goes wrong here, a cannot be less than 0"; System.out.println(a); } } |
l 在elipse下调试程序AssertDemo,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 注释语句test1(-5);后重新运行程序,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 掌握断言的使用特点及用法。
实验程序2:
l 用JDK命令调试运行教材298页-300页程序7-2,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 并掌握Java日志系统的用途及用法。
实验程序2:
l 用JDK命令调试运行教材298页-300页程序7-2,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 并掌握Java日志系统的用途及用法。
结果:
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package logging; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.io.*; import java.util.logging.*; import javax.swing.*; /** * A modification of the image viewer program that logs various events. * @version 1.03 2015-08-20 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class LoggingImageViewer { public static void main(String[] args) { if (System.getProperty("java.util.logging.config.class") == null && System.getProperty("java.util.logging.config.file") == null) { try { Logger.getLogger("com.horstmann.corejava").setLevel(Level.ALL); final int LOG_ROTATION_COUNT = 10; Handler handler = new FileHandler("%h/LoggingImageViewer.log", 0, LOG_ROTATION_COUNT); Logger.getLogger("com.horstmann.corejava").addHandler(handler); } catch (IOException e) { Logger.getLogger("com.horstmann.corejava").log(Level.SEVERE, "Can't create log file handler", e); } } EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> { Handler windowHandler = new WindowHandler(); windowHandler.setLevel(Level.ALL); Logger.getLogger("com.horstmann.corejava").addHandler(windowHandler); JFrame frame = new ImageViewerFrame(); frame.setTitle("LoggingImageViewer"); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); Logger.getLogger("com.horstmann.corejava").fine("Showing frame"); frame.setVisible(true); }); } } /** * The frame that shows the image. */ class ImageViewerFrame extends JFrame { private static final int DEFAULT_WIDTH = 300; private static final int DEFAULT_HEIGHT = 400; private JLabel label; private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("com.horstmann.corejava"); public ImageViewerFrame() { logger.entering("ImageViewerFrame", "<init>"); setSize(DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT); // set up menu bar JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar(); setJMenuBar(menuBar); JMenu menu = new JMenu("File"); menuBar.add(menu); JMenuItem openItem = new JMenuItem("Open"); menu.add(openItem); openItem.addActionListener(new FileOpenListener()); JMenuItem exitItem = new JMenuItem("Exit"); menu.add(exitItem); exitItem.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { logger.fine("Exiting."); System.exit(0); } }); // use a label to display the images label = new JLabel(); add(label); logger.exiting("ImageViewerFrame", "<init>"); } private class FileOpenListener implements ActionListener { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { logger.entering("ImageViewerFrame.FileOpenListener", "actionPerformed", event); // set up file chooser JFileChooser chooser = new JFileChooser(); chooser.setCurrentDirectory(new File(".")); // accept all files ending with .gif chooser.setFileFilter(new javax.swing.filechooser.FileFilter() { public boolean accept(File f) { return f.getName().toLowerCase().endsWith(".gif") || f.isDirectory(); } public String getDescription() { return "GIF Images"; } }); // show file chooser dialog int r = chooser.showOpenDialog(ImageViewerFrame.this); // if image file accepted, set it as icon of the label if (r == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) { String name = chooser.getSelectedFile().getPath(); logger.log(Level.FINE, "Reading file {0}", name); label.setIcon(new ImageIcon(name)); } else logger.fine("File open dialog canceled."); logger.exiting("ImageViewerFrame.FileOpenListener", "actionPerformed"); } } } /** * A handler for displaying log records in a window. */ class WindowHandler extends StreamHandler { private JFrame frame; public WindowHandler() { frame = new JFrame(); final JTextArea output = new JTextArea(); output.setEditable(false); frame.setSize(200, 200); frame.add(new JScrollPane(output)); frame.setFocusableWindowState(false); frame.setVisible(true); setOutputStream(new OutputStream() { public void write(int b) { } // not called public void write(byte[] b, int off, int len) { output.append(new String(b, off, len)); } }); } public void publish(LogRecord record) { if (!frame.isVisible()) return; super.publish(record); flush(); } }
三、实验总结
通过老师和助教的指导以及这些实验大致上掌握了java异常处理技术,了解断言及日志的用法用途;并且掌握程序基础调试技巧。希望可以再接再厉。