DRF 解析器组件

Django无法处理application/json协议请求的数据,即,如果用户通过application/json协议发送请求数据到达Django服务器,我们通过request.POST获取到的是一个空对象。

引入

Django RestFramework帮助我们实现了处理application/json协议请求的数据,另外,我们也提到,如果不使用DRF,直接从request.body里面拿到原始的客户端请求的字节数据,经过decode,然后json反序列化之后,也可以得到一个Python字典类型的数据。

但是,这种方式并不被推荐,因为已经有了非常优秀的第三方工具,那就是Django RestFramework的解析器组件。

解析器组件

解析器组件的使用:

from django.http import JsonResponse

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser, FormParser
# Create your views here.


class LoginView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [FormParser]

    def get(self, request):
        return render(request, 'parserver/login.html')

    def post(self, request):
        # request是被drf封装的新对象,基于django的request
        # request.data是一个property,用于对数据进行校验
        # request.data最后会找到self.parser_classes中的解析器
        # 来实现对数据进行解析
        
        print(request.data)  # {'username': 'alex', 'password': 123}

        return JsonResponse({"status_code": 200, "code": "OK"})

使用方式非常简单,分为如下两步:

  • from rest_framework.views import APIView
  • 继承APIView
  • 直接使用request.data就可以获取Json数据

如果你只需要解析Json数据,不允许任何其他类型的数据请求,可以这样做:

  • from rest_framework.parsers import JsonParser
  • 给视图类定义一个parser_classes变量,值为列表类型[JsonParser]
  • 如果parser_classes = [], 那就不处理任何数据类型的请求了

源码:

@classonlymethod
def as_view(cls, **initkwargs):
    """Main entry point for a request-response process."""
    for key in initkwargs:
        if key in cls.http_method_names:
            raise TypeError("You tried to pass in the %s method name as a "
                            "keyword argument to %s(). Don't do that."
                            % (key, cls.__name__))
            if not hasattr(cls, key):
                raise TypeError("%s() received an invalid keyword %r. as_view "
                                "only accepts arguments that are already "
                                "attributes of the class." % (cls.__name__, key))

def view(request, *args, **kwargs):
    self = cls(**initkwargs)
    if hasattr(self, 'get') and not hasattr(self, 'head'):
        self.head = self.get
        self.request = request
        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs
        return self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
    view.view_class = cls
    view.view_initkwargs = initkwargs

    # take name and docstring from class
    update_wrapper(view, cls, updated=())

    # and possible attributes set by decorators
    # like csrf_exempt from dispatch
    update_wrapper(view, cls.dispatch, assigned=())
    return view

请求到来,根据url查找映射表,找到视图函数,然后执行view函数并传入request对象

解析器组件源码剖析

序列化组件
序列化组件的使用

定义几个 model:

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.


class Publish(models.Model):
    nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    city = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    email = models.EmailField()

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Author(models.Model):
    nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    age = models.IntegerField()

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Book(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    publishDate = models.DateField()
    price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
    publish = models.ForeignKey(to="Publish", to_field="nid", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(to="Author")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

 

通过序列化组件进行GET接口设计
from django.urls import re_path

from serializers import views

urlpatterns = [
    re_path(r'books/$', views.BookView.as_view())
]

 

新建一个名为app_serializers.py的模块,将所有的序列化的使用集中在这个模块里面,对程序进行解耦:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework import serializers

from .models import Book


class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=128)
    publish_date = serializers.DateTimeField()
    price = serializers.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
    publish = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
    authors = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)

使用序列化组件,开始写视图类:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

# 当前app中的模块
from .models import Book
from .app_serializer import BookSerializer

# Create your views here.

class BookView(APIView):
    def get(self, request):
        origin_books = Book.objects.all()
        serialized_books = BookSerializer(origin_books, many=True)

        return Response(serialized_books.data)

定义好model和url后,使用序列化组件的步骤如下:

  • 导入序列化组件:from rest_framework import serializers
  • 定义序列化类,继承serializers.Serializer(建议单独创建一个专用的模块用来存放所有的序列化类):class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):pass
  • 定义需要返回的字段(字段类型可以与model中的类型不一致,参数也可以调整),字段名称必须与model中的一致
  • 在GET接口逻辑中,获取QuerySet
  • 开始序列化:将QuerySet作业第一个参数传给序列化类,many默认为False,如果返回的数据是一个列表嵌套字典的多个对象集合,需要改为many=True
  • 返回:将序列化对象的data属性返回即可

上面的接口逻辑中,我们使用了Response对象,它是DRF重新封装的响应对象。该对象在返回响应数据时会判断客户端类型(浏览器或POSTMAN),如果是浏览器,它会以web页面的形式返回,如果是POSTMAN这类工具,就直接返回Json类型的数据。

此外,序列化类中的字段名也可以与model中的不一致,但是需要使用source参数来告诉组件原始的字段名,如下:

class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    BookTitle = serializers.CharField(max_length=128, source="title")
    publishDate = serializers.DateTimeField()
    price = serializers.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
    # source也可以用于ForeignKey字段
    publish = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, source="publish.name")
    authors = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)

下面是通过POSTMAN请求该接口后的返回数据:

[
    {
        "title": "Python入门",
        "publishDate": null,
        "price": "119.00",
        "publish": "浙江大学出版社",
        "authors": "serializers.Author.None"
    },
    {
        "title": "Python进阶",
        "publishDate": null,
        "price": "128.00",
        "publish": "清华大学出版社",
        "authors": "serializers.Author.None"
    }
]

对多字段如何处理呢?如果将source参数定义为”authors.all”,那么取出来的结果将是一个QuerySet,对于前端来说,这样的数据并不是特别友好,我们可以使用如下方式:

class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
    price = serializers.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
    publishDate = serializers.DateField()
    publish = serializers.CharField()
    publish_name = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, read_only=True, source='publish.name')
    publish_email = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, read_only=True, source='publish.email')
    # authors = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, source='authors.all')
    authors_list = serializers.SerializerMethodField()

    def get_authors_list(self, authors_obj):
        authors = list()
        for author in authors_obj.authors.all():
            authors.append(author.name)

        return authors

请注意,get_必须与字段名称一致,否则会报错。

通过序列化组件进行POST接口设计

设计POST接口,根据接口规范,不需要新增url,只需要在视图类中定义一个POST方法即可,序列化类不需要修改,如下:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

# 当前app中的模块
from .models import Book
from .app_serializer import BookSerializer

# Create your views here.


class BookView(APIView):
    def get(self, request):
        origin_books = Book.objects.all()
        serialized_books = BookSerializer(origin_books, many=True)

        return Response(serialized_books.data)

    def post(self, request):
        verified_data = BookSerializer(data=request.data)

        if verified_data.is_valid():
            book = verified_data.save()
            # 可写字段通过序列化添加成功之后需要手动添加只读字段
            authors = Author.objects.filter(nid__in=request.data['authors'])
            book.authors.add(*authors)

            return Response(verified_data.data)
        else:
            return Response(verified_data.errors)

POST接口的实现方式,如下:

  • url定义:需要为post新增url,因为根据规范,url定位资源,http请求方式定义用户行为
  • 定义post方法:在视图类中定义post方法
  • 开始序列化:通过我们上面定义的序列化类,创建一个序列化对象,传入参数data=request.data(application/json)数据
  • 校验数据:通过实例对象的is_valid()方法,对请求数据的合法性进行校验
  • 保存数据:调用save()方法,将数据插入数据库
  • 插入数据到多对多关系表:如果有多对多字段,手动插入数据到多对多关系表
  • 返回:将插入的对象返回

 

请注意,因为多对多关系字段是自定义的,而且必须这样定义,返回的数据才有意义,而用户插入数据的时候,serializers.Serializer没有实现create,必须手动插入数据,就像这样:

# 第二步, 创建一个序列化类,字段类型不一定要跟models的字段一致
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    # nid = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=128)
    price = serializers.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
    publish = serializers.CharField()
    # 外键字段, 显示__str__方法的返回值
    publish_name = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, read_only=True, source='publish.name')
    publish_city = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, read_only=True, source='publish.city')
    # authors = serializers.CharField(max_length=32) # book_obj.authors.all()

    # 多对多字段需要自己手动获取数据,SerializerMethodField()
    authors_list = serializers.SerializerMethodField()

    def get_authors_list(self, book_obj):
        author_list = list()

        for author in book_obj.authors.all():
            author_list.append(author.name)

        return author_list

    def create(self, validated_data):
        # {'title': 'Python666', 'price': Decimal('66.00'), 'publish': '2'}
        validated_data['publish_id'] = validated_data.pop('publish')
        book = Book.objects.create(**validated_data)

        return book

    def update(self, instance, validated_data):
        # 更新数据会调用该方法
        instance.title = validated_data.get('title', instance.title)
        instance.publishDate = validated_data.get('publishDate', instance.publishDate)
        instance.price = validated_data.get('price', instance.price)
        instance.publish_id = validated_data.get('publish', instance.publish.nid)

        instance.save()

        return instance

 

如何让序列化类自动插入数据?

如果字段很多,那么显然,写序列化类也会变成一种负担,有没有更加简单的方式呢?

class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Book

        fields = ('title',
                  'price',
                  'publish',
                  'authors',
                  'author_list',
                  'publish_name',
                  'publish_city'
                  )
        extra_kwargs = {
            'publish': {'write_only': True},
            'authors': {'write_only': True}
        }

    publish_name = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, read_only=True, source='publish.name')
    publish_city = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, read_only=True, source='publish.city')

    author_list = serializers.SerializerMethodField()

    def get_author_list(self, book_obj):
        # 拿到queryset开始循环 [{}, {}, {}, {}]
        authors = list()

        for author in book_obj.authors.all():
            authors.append(author.name)

        return authors

步骤如下:

  • 继承ModelSerializer:不再继承Serializer
  • 添加extra_kwargs类变量:extra_kwargs = {‘publish’: {‘write_only’: True}}

 

posted @ 2018-12-14 16:27  背锅文  阅读(168)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报