.Net那点事儿系列:System.IO之Stream
Stream在msdn的定义:提供字节序列的一般性视图(provides a generic view of a sequence of bytes)。这个解释太抽象了,不容易理解;从stream的字面意思“河,水流”更容易理解些,stream是一个抽象类,它定义了类似“水流”的事物的一些统一行为,包括这个“水流”是否可以抽水出来(读取流内容);是否可以往这个“水流”中注水(向流中写入内容);以及这个“水流”有多长;如何关闭“水流”,如何向“水流”中注水,如何从“水流”中抽水等“水流”共有的行为。
常用的Stream的子类有:
1) MemoryStream 存储在内存中的字节流
2) FileStream 存储在文件系统的字节流
3) NetworkStream 通过网络设备读写的字节流
4) BufferedStream 为其他流提供缓冲的流
Stream提供了读写流的方法是以字节的形式从流中读取内容。而我们经常会用到从字节流中读取文本或者写入文本,微软提供了StreamReader和StreamWriter类帮我们实现在流上读写字符串的功能。
下面看下如何操作Stream,即如何从流中读取字节序列,如何向流中写字节
1. 使用Stream.Read方法从流中读取字节,如下示例注释:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.IO; namespace UseStream { class Program { //示例如何从流中读取字节流 static void Main(string[] args) { var bytes = new byte[] {(byte)1,(byte)2,(byte)3,(byte)4,(byte)5,(byte)6,(byte)7,(byte)8}; using (var memStream = new MemoryStream(bytes)) { int offset = 0; int readOnce = 4; do { byte[] byteTemp = new byte[readOnce]; // 使用Read方法从流中读取字节 //第一个参数byte[]存储从流中读出的内容 //第二个参数为存储到byte[]数组的开始索引, //第三个int参数为一次最多读取的字节数 //返回值是此次读取到的字节数,此值小于等于第三个参数 int readCn = memStream.Read(byteTemp, 0, readOnce); for (int i = 0; i < readCn; i++) { Console.WriteLine(byteTemp[i].ToString()); } offset += readCn; //当实际读取到的字节数小于设定的读取数时表示到流的末尾了 if (readCn < readOnce) break; } while (true); } Console.Read(); } } }
2. 使用Stream.BeginRead方法读取FileStream的流内容
注意:BeginRead在一些流中的实现和Read完全相同,比如MemoryStream;而在FileStream和NetwordStream中BeginRead就是实实在在的异步操作了。
如下示例代码和注释:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.IO; using System.Threading; namespace UseBeginRead { class Program { //定义异步读取状态类 class AsyncState { public FileStream FS { get; set; } public byte[] Buffer { get; set; } public ManualResetEvent EvtHandle { get; set; } } static int bufferSize = 512; static void Main(string[] args) { string filePath = "d:\\test.txt"; //以只读方式打开文件流 using (var fileStream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read)) { var buffer = new byte[bufferSize]; //构造BeginRead需要传递的状态 var asyncState = new AsyncState { FS = fileStream, Buffer = buffer ,EvtHandle = new ManualResetEvent(false)}; //异步读取 IAsyncResult asyncResult = fileStream.BeginRead(buffer, 0, bufferSize, new AsyncCallback(AsyncReadCallback), asyncState); //阻塞当前线程直到读取完毕发出信号 asyncState.EvtHandle.WaitOne(); Console.WriteLine(); Console.WriteLine("read complete"); Console.Read(); } } //异步读取回调处理方法 public static void AsyncReadCallback(IAsyncResult asyncResult) { var asyncState = (AsyncState)asyncResult.AsyncState; int readCn = asyncState.FS.EndRead(asyncResult); //判断是否读到内容 if (readCn > 0) { byte[] buffer; if (readCn == bufferSize) buffer = asyncState.Buffer; else { buffer = new byte[readCn]; Array.Copy(asyncState.Buffer, 0, buffer, 0, readCn); } //输出读取内容值 string readContent = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(buffer); Console.Write(readContent); } if (readCn < bufferSize) { asyncState.EvtHandle.Set(); } else { Array.Clear(asyncState.Buffer, 0, bufferSize); //再次执行异步读取操作 asyncState.FS.BeginRead(asyncState.Buffer, 0, bufferSize, new AsyncCallback(AsyncReadCallback), asyncState); } } } }
3. 使用Stream.Write方法向流中写字节数组
在使用Write方法时,需要先使用Stream的CanWrite方法判断流是否可写,如下示例定义了一个MemoryStream对象,然后向内存流中写入一个字节数组
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.IO; namespace UseStreamWrite { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { using (var ms = new MemoryStream()) { int count = 20; var buffer = new byte[count]; for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { buffer[i] = (byte)i; } //将流当前位置设置到流的起点 ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin); Console.WriteLine("ms position is " + ms.Position); //注意在调用Stream的Write方法之前要用CanWrite判断Stream是否可写 if (ms.CanWrite) { ms.Write(buffer, 0, count); } //正确写入的话,流的位置会移动到写入开始位置加上写入的字节数 Console.WriteLine("ms position is " + ms.Position); } Console.Read(); } } }
4. 使用Stream.BeginWrite方法异步写;异步写可以提高程序性能,这是因为磁盘或者网络IO的速度远小于cpu的速度,异步写可以减少cpu的等待时间。
如下使用FileStream异步写文件的操作示例
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.IO; using System.Threading; namespace UseStreamBeginWrite { class Program { /// <summary> /// 异步回调需要的参数封装类 /// </summary> class AsyncState { public int WriteCountOnce { get; set; } public int Offset { get; set; } public byte[] Buffer { get; set; } public ManualResetEvent WaitHandle { get; set; } public FileStream FS { get; set; } } static void Main(string[] args) { //准备一个1K的字节数组 byte[] toWriteBytes = new byte[1 << 10]; for (int i = 0; i < toWriteBytes.Length; i++) { toWriteBytes[i] = (byte)(i % byte.MaxValue); } string filePath = "d:\\test.txt"; //FileStream实例 using (var fileStream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.ReadWrite, FileShare.Read)) { int offset = 0; //每次写入32字节 int writeCountOnce = 1 << 5; //构造回调函数需要的状态 AsyncState state = new AsyncState{ WriteCountOnce = writeCountOnce, Offset = offset, Buffer = toWriteBytes, WaitHandle = new ManualResetEvent(false), FS = fileStream }; //做异步写操作 fileStream.BeginWrite(toWriteBytes, offset, writeCountOnce, WriteCallback, state); //等待写完毕或者出错发出的继续信号 state.WaitHandle.WaitOne(); } Console.WriteLine("Done"); Console.Read(); } /// <summary> /// 异步写的回调函数 /// </summary> /// <param name="asyncResult">写状态</param> static void WriteCallback(IAsyncResult asyncResult) { AsyncState state = (AsyncState)asyncResult.AsyncState; try { state.FS.EndWrite(asyncResult); } catch (Exception ex) { Console.WriteLine("EndWrite Error:" + ex.Message); state.WaitHandle.Set(); return; } Console.WriteLine("write to " + state.FS.Position); //判断是否写完,未写完继续异步写 if (state.Offset + state.WriteCountOnce < state.Buffer.Length) { state.Offset += state.WriteCountOnce; Console.WriteLine("call BeginWrite again"); state.FS.BeginWrite(state.Buffer, state.Offset, state.WriteCountOnce, WriteCallback, state); } else { //写完发出完成信号 state.WaitHandle.Set(); } } } }
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