Python之struct
struct是Python中的内建模块,用来在C语言中的结构体与Python中的字符串之间进行转换,数据一般来自文件或网络
1. 功能
(1) 按照指定格式将Python数据转换为字符串(该字符串为字节流)
(2) 按照指定格式将字节流转换为Python指定的数据类型
(3) 处理二进制数据,如果用struct来处理文件的话,需要用‘wb’/'rb'以二进制写,读的方式来处理文件
(4) 处理C语言中的结构体
2. struct常用方法
(1) pack(fmt, v1, v2, ...) -> bytes
按照给定的格式将数据转换成字符串(字节流)
(2) pack_into(fmt, buffer, offset, v1, v2, ...)
按照给定的格式将数据转换成字符串(字节流),并将字节流写入以offset开始的buffer中
(3) unpack(fmt, buffer) -> (v1, v2, ...)
按照给定的格式解析字节流并返回结果
(4) unpack_from(fmt, buffer, offset=0) -> (v1, v2, ...)
按照指定的格式解析以offset开始的缓冲区并返回解析结果
(5) calcsize(fmt) -> integer
计算给定的格式占多少字节的内存,注意对齐方式
3. 格式符
格式化字符串:指定数据类型、控制字节顺序、大小和对齐方式
下面2张表来自官网
Character | Byte order | Size | Alignment |
---|---|---|---|
@ |
native | native | 凑够4字节 |
= |
native | standard | 按原字节数 |
< |
little-endian | standard | 按原字节数 |
> |
big-endian | standard | 按原字节数 |
! |
network (= big-endian) | standard | 按原字节数 |
Format | C Type | Python type | Standard size | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
x |
pad byte | no value | ||
c |
char |
string of length 1 | 1 | |
b |
signed char |
integer | 1 | (3) |
B |
unsigned char |
integer | 1 | (3) |
? |
_Bool |
bool | 1 | (1) |
h |
short |
integer | 2 | (3) |
H |
unsigned short |
integer | 2 | (3) |
i |
int |
integer | 4 | (3) |
I |
unsigned int |
integer | 4 | (3) |
l |
long |
integer | 4 | (3) |
L |
unsigned long |
integer | 4 | (3) |
q |
long long |
integer | 8 | (2), (3) |
Q |
unsigned long long |
integer | 8 | (2), (3) |
f |
float |
float | 4 | (4) |
d |
double |
float | 8 | (4) |
s |
char[] |
string | ||
p |
char[] |
string | ||
P |
void * |
integer | (5), (3) |
4. 示例
#coding=utf-8 ''' struct实现二进制文件的读写 ''' import sys import struct def writefile(path): name = b"zhanglin" age = 30 sex = b"female" profession = b"IT" try: with open(path, "wb") as pf: text = struct.pack(">8si6s2s", name,age,sex,profession) pf.write(text) print ("write file success!") except Exception as e: print ("write file faild!:",e) def readfile(path): text = None try: with open(path, "rb") as pf: text = pf.read() print ("read file success!") print (text) print (struct.unpack(">8si6s2s", text)) except Exception as e: print ("read file faild!:",e) if __name__ == "__main__": path = sys.argv[1] writefile(path) readfile(path)
输出结果:
>>> D:\Pystu>python struct_test.py struct_test.txt
>>> write file success!
>>> read file success!
>>> b'zhanglin\x00\x00\x00\x1efemaleIT'
>>> (b'zhanglin', 30, b'female', b'IT')