声明:本篇文章是学习wiki ROS上的相应教程。

第一步:创建一个catkin程序包(如过已经配置好catkin那就可跳过这一步)

本部分教程将演示如何使用catkin_create_pkg命令来创建一个新的catkin程序包以及创建之后都能做些什么。

首先切换到之前通过创建catkin工作空间教程创建的catkin工作空间中的src目录下:

 # You should have created this in the Creating a Workspace Tutorial

$ cd ~/catkin_ws/src

现在使用catkin_create_pkg命令来创建一个名为'beginner_tutorials'的新程序包,这个程序包依赖于std_msgs、roscpp和rospy:

 $ catkin_create_pkg beginner_tutorials std_msgs rospy roscpp

这将会创建一个名为beginner_tutorials的文件夹,这个文件夹里面包含一个package.xml文件和一个CMakeLists.txt文件,这两个文件都已经自动包含了部分你在执行catkin_create_pkg命令时提供的信息。

catkin_create_pkg命令会要求你输入package_name,如果有需要你还可以在后面添加一些需要依赖的其它程序包:

 

# This is an example, do not try to run this
# catkin_create_pkg <package_name> [depend1] [depend2] [depend3]

catkin_create_pkg命令也有更多的高级功能,这些功能在catkin/commands/catkin_create_pkg中有描述。

第二步:编写简单的消息发布器和订阅器 (C++)

http://wiki.ros.org/cn/ROS/Tutorials/WritingPublisherSubscriber%28c%2B%2B%29

 

 

1.编写发布器节点

"节点(Node)" 是ROS中指代连接到ROS网络的可执行文件的术语。接下来,我们将会创建一个发布器节点("talker"),它将不断的在ROS网络中广播消息。

 

 

转移到之前教程在catkin工作空间所创建的beginner_tutorials package路径下:

 

cd ~/catkin_ws/src/beginner_tutorials

 

1.1源代码

 

在beginner_tutorials package路径下创建src目录:

 

mkdir -p ~/catkin_ws/src/beginner_tutorials/src

这个目录将会存储beginner_tutorials package的所有源代码.

在beginner_tutorials package里创建src/talker.cpp文件,并粘贴如下代码:

https://raw.github.com/ros/ros_tutorials/groovy-devel/roscpp_tutorials/talker/talker.cpp

Toggle line numbers
  27 #include "ros/ros.h"
  28 #include "std_msgs/String.h"
  29 
  30 #include <sstream>
  31 
  32 /**
  33  * This tutorial demonstrates simple sending of messages over the ROS system.
  34  */
  35 int main(int argc, char **argv)
  36 {
  37   /**
  38    * The ros::init() function needs to see argc and argv so that it can perform
  39    * any ROS arguments and name remapping that were provided at the command line. For programmatic
  40    * remappings you can use a different version of init() which takes remappings
  41    * directly, but for most command-line programs, passing argc and argv is the easiest
  42    * way to do it.  The third argument to init() is the name of the node.
  43    *
  44    * You must call one of the versions of ros::init() before using any other
  45    * part of the ROS system.
  46    */
  47   ros::init(argc, argv, "talker");
  48 
  49   /**
  50    * NodeHandle is the main access point to communications with the ROS system.
  51    * The first NodeHandle constructed will fully initialize this node, and the last
  52    * NodeHandle destructed will close down the node.
  53    */
  54   ros::NodeHandle n;
  55 
  56   /**
  57    * The advertise() function is how you tell ROS that you want to
  58    * publish on a given topic name. This invokes a call to the ROS
  59    * master node, which keeps a registry of who is publishing and who
  60    * is subscribing. After this advertise() call is made, the master
  61    * node will notify anyone who is trying to subscribe to this topic name,
  62    * and they will in turn negotiate a peer-to-peer connection with this
  63    * node.  advertise() returns a Publisher object which allows you to
  64    * publish messages on that topic through a call to publish().  Once
  65    * all copies of the returned Publisher object are destroyed, the topic
  66    * will be automatically unadvertised.
  67    *
  68    * The second parameter to advertise() is the size of the message queue
  69    * used for publishing messages.  If messages are published more quickly
  70    * than we can send them, the number here specifies how many messages to
  71    * buffer up before throwing some away.
  72    */
  73   ros::Publisher chatter_pub = n.advertise<std_msgs::String>("chatter", 1000);
  74 
  75   ros::Rate loop_rate(10);
  76 
  77   /**
  78    * A count of how many messages we have sent. This is used to create
  79    * a unique string for each message.
  80    */
  81   int count = 0;
  82   while (ros::ok())
  83   {
  84     /**
  85      * This is a message object. You stuff it with data, and then publish it.
  86      */
  87     std_msgs::String msg;
  88 
  89     std::stringstream ss;
  90     ss << "hello world " << count;
  91     msg.data = ss.str();
  92 
  93     ROS_INFO("%s", msg.data.c_str());
  94 
  95     /**
  96      * The publish() function is how you send messages. The parameter
  97      * is the message object. The type of this object must agree with the type
  98      * given as a template parameter to the advertise<>() call, as was done
  99      * in the constructor above.
 100      */
 101     chatter_pub.publish(msg);
 102 
 103     ros::spinOnce();
 104 
 105     loop_rate.sleep();
 106     ++count;
 107   }
 108 
 109 
 110   return 0;
 111 }

 

 

1.2代码解释

现在,我们来分段解释代码.

 

Toggle line numbers
  27 #include "ros/ros.h"
  28 

ros/ros.h是一个实用的头文件,它引用了ROS系统中大部分常用的头文件,使用它会使得编程很简便。

 

Toggle line numbers
  28 #include "std_msgs/String.h"
  29 

这引用了std_msgs/String 消息, 它存放在std_msgs package里,是由String.msg文件自动生成的头文件。需要更详细的消息定义,参考msg页面.

 

Toggle line numbers
  47   ros::init(argc, argv, "talker");

初始化ROS。它允许ROS通过命令行进行名称重映射——目前,这不是重点。同样,我们也在这里指定我们节点的名称——必须唯一。

这里的名称必须是一个base name,不能包含/

 

Toggle line numbers
  54   ros::NodeHandle n;

为这个进程的节点创建一个句柄。第一个创建的NodeHandle会为节点进行初始化,最后一个销毁的会清理节点使用的所有资源。

 

Toggle line numbers
  73   ros::Publisher chatter_pub = n.advertise<std_msgs::String>("chatter", 1000);

告诉master我们将要在chatter topic上发布一个std_msgs/String的消息。这样master就会告诉所有订阅了chatter topic的节点,将要有数据发布。第二个参数是发布序列的大小。在这样的情况下,如果我们发布的消息太快,缓冲区中的消息在大于1000个的时候就会开始丢弃先前发布的消息。

NodeHandle::advertise() 返回一个 ros::Publisher对象,它有两个作用: 1) 它有一个publish()成员函数可以让你在topic上发布消息; 2) 如果消息类型不对,它会拒绝发布。

 

Toggle line numbers
  75   ros::Rate loop_rate(10);

ros::Rate对象可以允许你指定自循环的频率。它会追踪记录自上一次调用Rate::sleep()后时间的流逝,并休眠直到一个频率周期的时间。

在这个例子中,我们让它以10hz的频率运行。

 

Toggle line numbers
  81   int count = 0;
  82   while (ros::ok())
  83   {

roscpp会默认安装一个SIGINT句柄,它负责处理Ctrl-C键盘操作——使得ros::ok()返回FALSE。

ros::ok()返回false,如果下列条件之一发生:

  • SIGINT接收到(Ctrl-C)
  • 被另一同名节点踢出ROS网络
  • ros::shutdown()被程序的另一部分调用

  • 所有的ros::NodeHandles都已经被销毁

一旦ros::ok()返回false, 所有的ROS调用都会失效。

 

Toggle line numbers
  87     std_msgs::String msg;
  88 
  89     std::stringstream ss;
  90     ss << "hello world " << count;
  91     msg.data = ss.str();

我们使用一个由msg file文件产生的‘消息自适应’类在ROS网络中广播消息。现在我们使用标准的String消息,它只有一个数据成员"data"。当然你也可以发布更复杂的消息类型。

 

Toggle line numbers
 101     chatter_pub.publish(msg);

现在我们已经向所有连接到chatter topic的节点发送了消息。

 

Toggle line numbers
  93     ROS_INFO("%s", msg.data.c_str());

ROS_INFO和类似的函数用来替代printf/cout. 参考rosconsole documentation以获得更详细的信息。

 

Toggle line numbers
 103     ros::spinOnce();

在这个例子中并不是一定要调用ros::spinOnce(),因为我们不接受回调。然而,如果你想拓展这个程序,却又没有在这调用ros::spinOnce(),你的回调函数就永远也不会被调用。所以,在这里最好还是加上这一语句。

 

Toggle line numbers
 105     loop_rate.sleep();

这条语句是调用ros::Rate对象来休眠一段时间以使得发布频率为10hz。

对上边的内容进行一下总结:

  • 初始化ROS系统
  • 在ROS网络内广播我们将要在chatter topic上发布std_msgs/String消息

  • 以每秒10次的频率在chatter上发布消息

接下来我们要编写一个节点来接收消息。

 

2.编写订阅器节点

 

2.1源代码

beginner_tutorials package目录下创建src/listener.cpp文件,并粘贴如下代码:

https://raw.github.com/ros/ros_tutorials/groovy-devel/roscpp_tutorials/listener/listener.cpp

Toggle line numbers
  28 #include "ros/ros.h"
  29 #include "std_msgs/String.h"
  30 
  31 /**
  32  * This tutorial demonstrates simple receipt of messages over the ROS system.
  33  */
  34 void chatterCallback(const std_msgs::String::ConstPtr& msg)
  35 {
  36   ROS_INFO("I heard: [%s]", msg->data.c_str());
  37 }
  38 
  39 int main(int argc, char **argv)
  40 {
  41   /**
  42    * The ros::init() function needs to see argc and argv so that it can perform
  43    * any ROS arguments and name remapping that were provided at the command line. For programmatic
  44    * remappings you can use a different version of init() which takes remappings
  45    * directly, but for most command-line programs, passing argc and argv is the easiest
  46    * way to do it.  The third argument to init() is the name of the node.
  47    *
  48    * You must call one of the versions of ros::init() before using any other
  49    * part of the ROS system.
  50    */
  51   ros::init(argc, argv, "listener");
  52 
  53   /**
  54    * NodeHandle is the main access point to communications with the ROS system.
  55    * The first NodeHandle constructed will fully initialize this node, and the last
  56    * NodeHandle destructed will close down the node.
  57    */
  58   ros::NodeHandle n;
  59 
  60   /**
  61    * The subscribe() call is how you tell ROS that you want to receive messages
  62    * on a given topic.  This invokes a call to the ROS
  63    * master node, which keeps a registry of who is publishing and who
  64    * is subscribing.  Messages are passed to a callback function, here
  65    * called chatterCallback.  subscribe() returns a Subscriber object that you
  66    * must hold on to until you want to unsubscribe.  When all copies of the Subscriber
  67    * object go out of scope, this callback will automatically be unsubscribed from
  68    * this topic.
  69    *
  70    * The second parameter to the subscribe() function is the size of the message
  71    * queue.  If messages are arriving faster than they are being processed, this
  72    * is the number of messages that will be buffered up before beginning to throw
  73    * away the oldest ones.
  74    */
  75   ros::Subscriber sub = n.subscribe("chatter", 1000, chatterCallback);
  76 
  77   /**
  78    * ros::spin() will enter a loop, pumping callbacks.  With this version, all
  79    * callbacks will be called from within this thread (the main one).  ros::spin()
  80    * will exit when Ctrl-C is pressed, or the node is shutdown by the master.
  81    */
  82   ros::spin();
  83 
  84   return 0;
  85 }

 

 

2.2代码解释

下面我们将逐条解释代码,当然,之前解释过的代码就不再赘述了。

 

Toggle line numbers
  34 void chatterCallback(const std_msgs::String::ConstPtr& msg)
  35 {
  36   ROS_INFO("I heard: [%s]", msg->data.c_str());
  37 }

这是一个回调函数,当消息到达chatter topic的时候就会被调用。消息是以 boost shared_ptr指针的形式传输,这就意味着你可以存储它而又不需要复制数据

 

Toggle line numbers
  75   ros::Subscriber sub = n.subscribe("chatter", 1000, chatterCallback);

告诉master我们要订阅chatter topic上的消息。当有消息到达topic时,ROS就会调用chatterCallback()函数。第二个参数是队列大小,以防我们处理消息的速度不够快,在缓存了1000个消息后,再有新的消息到来就将开始丢弃先前接收的消息。

NodeHandle::subscribe()返回ros::Subscriber对象,你必须让它处于活动状态直到你不再想订阅该消息。当这个对象销毁时,它将自动退订 上的消息。

有各种不同的NodeHandle::subscribe()函数,允许你指定类的成员函数,甚至是Boost.Function对象可以调用的任何数据类型。roscpp overview 提供了更为详尽的信息。

 

ros::spin()进入自循环,可以尽可能快的调用消息回调函数。如果没有消息到达,它不会占用很多CPU,所以不用担心。一旦ros::ok()返回FALSE,ros::spin()就会立刻跳出自循环。这有可能是ros::shutdown()被调用,或者是用户按下了Ctrl-C,使得master告诉节点要shutdown。也有可能是节点被人为的关闭。

还有其他的方法进行回调,但在这里我们不涉及。想要了解,可以参考roscpp_tutorials package里的一些demo应用。需要更为详尽的信息,参考roscpp overview

下边,我们来总结一下:

  • 初始化ROS系统
  • 订阅chatter topic

  • 进入自循环,等待消息的到达
  • 当消息到达,调用chatterCallback()函数

 

 

 

3.编译节点

之前教程中使用catkin_create_pkg创建了package.xmlCMakeLists.txt 文件。

生成的CMakeLists.txt看起来应该是这样(在Creating Msgs and Srvs教程中的修改和未被使用的注释和例子都被移除了):

https://raw.github.com/ros/catkin_tutorials/master/create_package_modified/catkin_ws/src/beginner_tutorials/CMakeLists.txt

Toggle line numbers
   1 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.3)
   2 project(beginner_tutorials)
   3 
   4 ## Find catkin and any catkin packages
   5 find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS roscpp rospy std_msgs genmsg)
   6 
   7 ## Declare ROS messages and services
   8 add_message_files(DIRECTORY msg FILES Num.msg)
   9 add_service_files(DIRECTORY srv FILES AddTwoInts.srv)
  10 
  11 ## Generate added messages and services
  12 generate_messages(DEPENDENCIES std_msgs)
  13 
  14 ## Declare a catkin package
  15 catkin_package()

 

CMakeLists.txt文件末尾加入几条语句:

 

include_directories(include ${catkin_INCLUDE_DIRS})

add_executable(talker src/talker.cpp)
target_link_libraries(talker ${catkin_LIBRARIES})

add_executable(listener src/listener.cpp)
target_link_libraries(listener ${catkin_LIBRARIES})

结果,CMakeLists.txt文件看起来像这样:

https://raw.github.com/ros/catkin_tutorials/master/create_package_pubsub/catkin_ws/src/beginner_tutorials/CMakeLists.txt

Toggle line numbers
   1 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.3)
   2 project(beginner_tutorials)
   3 
   4 ## Find catkin and any catkin packages
   5 find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS roscpp rospy std_msgs genmsg)
   6 
   7 ## Declare ROS messages and services
   8 add_message_files(FILES Num.msg)
   9 add_service_files(FILES AddTwoInts.srv)
  10 
  11 ## Generate added messages and services
  12 generate_messages(DEPENDENCIES std_msgs)
  13 
  14 ## Declare a catkin package
  15 catkin_package()
  16 
  17 ## Build talker and listener
  18 include_directories(include ${catkin_INCLUDE_DIRS})
  19 
  20 add_executable(talker src/talker.cpp)
  21 target_link_libraries(talker ${catkin_LIBRARIES})
  22 add_dependencies(talker beginner_tutorials_generate_messages_cpp)
  23 
  24 add_executable(listener src/listener.cpp)
  25 target_link_libraries(listener ${catkin_LIBRARIES})
  26 add_dependencies(listener beginner_tutorials_generate_messages_cpp)

 

这会生成两个可执行文件, talkerlistener, 默认存储到devel space目录,具体是在~/catkin_ws/devel/lib/<package name>中.

现在要为可执行文件添加对生成的消息文件的依赖:

add_dependencies(talker beginner_tutorials_generate_messages_cpp)

这样就可以确保自定义消息的头文件在被使用之前已经被生成。因为catkin把所有的package并行的编译,所以如果你要使用其他catkin工作空间中其他package的消息,你同样也需要添加对他们各自生成的消息文件的依赖。当然,如果在*Groovy*版本下,你可以使用下边的这个变量来添加对所有必须的文件依赖:

add_dependencies(talker ${catkin_EXPORTED_TARGETS})

你可以直接调用可执行文件,也可以使用rosrun来调用他们。他们不会被安装到'<prefix>/bin'路径下,因为那样会改变系统的PATH环境变量。如果你确定要将可执行文件安装到该路径下,你需要设置安装目标,请参考catkin/CMakeLists.txt

需要关于CMakeLists.txt更详细的信息,请参考catkin/CMakeLists.txt

现在运行 catkin_make:

# In your catkin workspace
$ catkin_make  

注意:如果你是添加了新的package,你需要通过--force-cmake选项告诉catkin进行强制编译。参考catkin/Tutorials/using_a_workspace#With_catkin_make.

既然已经编写好了发布器和订阅器,下面让我们来测试消息发布器和订阅器.

第三步:编译ROS程序包

1.编译程序包

一旦安装了所需的系统依赖项,我们就可以开始编译刚才创建的程序包了。

 

注意: 如果你是通过apt或者其它软件包管理工具来安装ROS的,那么系统已经默认安装好所有依赖项。

记得事先source你的环境配置(setup)文件,在Ubuntu中的操作指令如下:

 

$ source /opt/ros/groovy/setup.bash

 

使用 catkin_make

catkin_make 是一个命令行工具,它简化了catkin的标准工作流程。你可以认为catkin_make是在CMake标准工作流程中依次调用了cmakemake

使用方法:

 

# 在catkin工作空间下
$ catkin_make [make_targets] [-DCMAKE_VARIABLES=...]

CMake标准工作流程主要可以分为以下几个步骤:

 

注意: 如果你运行以下命令是无效的,因为它只是一个演示CMake工作流程的例子。

 

# 在一个CMake项目里
$ mkdir build
$ cd build
$ cmake ..
$ make
$ make install  # (可选)

每个CMake工程在编译时都会执行这个操作过程。相反,多个catkin项目可以放在工作空间中一起编译,工作流程如下:

 

# In a catkin workspace
$ catkin_make
$ catkin_make install  # (可选)

上述命令会编译src文件夹下的所有catkin工程。想更深入了解请参考REP128。 如果你的源代码不在默认工作空间中(~/catkin_ws/src),比如说存放在了my_src中,那么你可以这样来使用catkin_make:

 

注意: 运行以下命令时无效的,因为my_src不存在。

 

# In a catkin workspace
$ catkin_make --source my_src
$ catkin_make install --source my_src  # (optionally)

对于catkin_make更高级的使用方法,请参考catkin/commands/catkin_make

 

1.1开始编译你的程序包

 

对于正要马上编译自己代码的读者,请同时看一下后面的(C++)/(Python)教程,因为你可能需要修改CMakeLists.txt文件。

按照之前的创建一个ROS程序包教程,你应该已经创建好了一个catkin 工作空间 和一个名为beginner_tutorials的catkin 程序包。现在切换到catkin workspace 并查看src文件夹:

 

$ cd ~/catkin_ws/
$ ls src
  • beginner_tutorials/  CMakeLists.txt@  

你可以看到一个名为beginner_tutorials的文件夹,这就是你在之前的 catkin_create_pkg教程里创建的。现在我们可以使用catkin_make来编译它了:

 

$ catkin_make

你可以看到很多cmakemake 输出的信息:

  • Base path: /home/user/catkin_ws
    Source space: /home/user/catkin_ws/src
    Build space: /home/user/catkin_ws/build
    Devel space: /home/user/catkin_ws/devel
    Install space: /home/user/catkin_ws/install
    ####
    #### Running command: "cmake /home/user/catkin_ws/src
    -DCATKIN_DEVEL_PREFIX=/home/user/catkin_ws/devel
    -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/home/user/catkin_ws/install" in "/home/user/catkin_ws/build"
    ####
    -- The C compiler identification is GNU 4.2.1
    -- The CXX compiler identification is Clang 4.0.0
    -- Checking whether C compiler has -isysroot
    -- Checking whether C compiler has -isysroot - yes
    -- Checking whether C compiler supports OSX deployment target flag
    -- Checking whether C compiler supports OSX deployment target flag - yes
    -- Check for working C compiler: /usr/bin/gcc
    -- Check for working C compiler: /usr/bin/gcc -- works
    -- Detecting C compiler ABI info
    -- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done
    -- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++
    -- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++ -- works
    -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info
    -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done
    -- Using CATKIN_DEVEL_PREFIX: /tmp/catkin_ws/devel
    -- Using CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH: /opt/ros/groovy
    -- This workspace overlays: /opt/ros/groovy
    -- Found PythonInterp: /usr/bin/python (found version "2.7.1") 
    -- Found PY_em: /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/em.pyc
    -- Found gtest: gtests will be built
    -- catkin 0.5.51
    -- BUILD_SHARED_LIBS is on
    -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    -- ~~  traversing packages in topological order:
    -- ~~  - beginner_tutorials
    -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    -- +++ add_subdirectory(beginner_tutorials)
    -- Configuring done
    -- Generating done
    -- Build files have been written to: /home/user/catkin_ws/build
    ####
    #### Running command: "make -j4" in "/home/user/catkin_ws/build"
    ####

catkin_make首先输出它所使用到的每个空间所在的路径。更多关于空间的信息,请参考REP128catkin/workspaces。需要注意的是由于这些空间存在默认配置的原因,有几个文件夹已经在catkin工作空间自动生成了,使用ls查看:

 

$ ls
  • build
    devel
    src

build 目录是build space的默认所在位置,同时cmakemake也是在这里被调用来配置并编译你的程序包。devel 目录是devel space的默认所在位置, 同时也是在你安装程序包之前存放可执行文件和库文件的地方。

第四步:测试消息发布器和订阅器(http://wiki.ros.org/cn/ROS/Tutorials/ExaminingPublisherSubscriber)

Description: 本教程将测试上一教程所写的消息发布器和订阅器。

Tutorial Level: BEGINNER

Next Tutorial: 写一个简单的服务端和客户端 (python) (c++)

 

 

 

1.启动发布器

确保roscore可用,并运行:

$ roscore

catkin specific 如果使用catkin,确保你在调用catkin_make后,在运行你自己的程序前,已经source了catkin工作空间下的setup.sh文件:

 

# In your catkin workspace
$ cd ~/catkin_ws
$ source ./devel/setup.bash

In the last tutorial we made a publisher called "talker". Let's run it:

$ rosrun beginner_tutorials talker      (C++)
$ rosrun beginner_tutorials talker.py   (Python) 

你将看到如下的输出信息:

  • [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931831.774057] hello world 1314931831.77
    [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931832.775497] hello world 1314931832.77
    [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931833.778937] hello world 1314931833.78
    [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931834.782059] hello world 1314931834.78
    [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931835.784853] hello world 1314931835.78
    [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931836.788106] hello world 1314931836.79

发布器节点已经启动运行。现在需要一个订阅器节点来接受发布的消息。

 

2.启动订阅器

上一教程,我们编写了一个名为"listener"的订阅器节点。现在运行它:

 # In your catkin workspace

 $ cd ~/catkin_ws

 $ source ./devel/setup.bash  #如果有打开新的终端来运行就要从新在启动。

$ rosrun beginner_tutorials listener     (C++)
$ rosrun beginner_tutorials listener.py  (Python) 

你将会看到如下的输出信息:

  • [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931969.258941] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931969.26
    [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931970.262246] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931970.26
    [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931971.266348] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931971.26
    [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931972.270429] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931972.27
    [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931973.274382] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931973.27
    [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931974.277694] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931974.28
    [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931975.283708] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931975.28

你已经测试完了发布器和订阅器,下面我们来编写一个服务和客户端(python) (c++).

 

posted on 2017-03-06 20:35  wengweng_man  阅读(1673)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报