python面向对象(一),Day6
- connfigparser模块
- xml模块
- shutil模块以及压缩解压
- subprocess模块
- 面向对象(上)
- 类和对象
onfigParser
用于对特定的配置进行操作,当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | # 注释1 ; 注释 2 [section1] k1 = v1 k2:v2 [section2] k1 = v1 |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 | import ConfigParser config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser() config.read( 'i.cfg' ) # ########## 读 ########## #secs = config.sections() #print secs #options = config.options('group2') #print options #item_list = config.items('group2') #print item_list #val = config.get('group1','key') #val = config.getint('group1','key') # ########## 改写 ########## #sec = config.remove_section('group1') #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) #sec = config.has_section('wupeiqi') #sec = config.add_section('wupeiqi') #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) #config.set('group2','k1',11111) #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) #config.remove_option('group2','age') #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) |
xml模块
shutil模块以及压缩解压
高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块
shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中,可以部分内容

def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024): """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst""" while 1: buf = fsrc.read(length) if not buf: break fdst.write(buf)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件

def copyfile(src, dst): """Copy data from src to dst""" if _samefile(src, dst): raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst)) for fn in [src, dst]: try: st = os.stat(fn) except OSError: # File most likely does not exist pass else: # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...) if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode): raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn) with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc: with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst: copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变

def copymode(src, dst): """Copy mode bits from src to dst""" if hasattr(os, 'chmod'): st = os.stat(src) mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode) os.chmod(dst, mode)
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
拷贝状态的信息,包括:mode bits, atime, mtime, flags

def copystat(src, dst): """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst""" st = os.stat(src) mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode) if hasattr(os, 'utime'): os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime)) if hasattr(os, 'chmod'): os.chmod(dst, mode) if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'): try: os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags) except OSError, why: for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP': if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err): break else: raise
shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限

def copy(src, dst): """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst"). The destination may be a directory. """ if os.path.isdir(dst): dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src)) copyfile(src, dst) copymode(src, dst)
shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息

def copy2(src, dst): """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst"). The destination may be a directory. """ if os.path.isdir(dst): dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src)) copyfile(src, dst) copystat(src, dst)
shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件
例如:copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))

def ignore_patterns(*patterns): """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter. Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns that are used to exclude files""" def _ignore_patterns(path, names): ignored_names = [] for pattern in patterns: ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern)) return set(ignored_names) return _ignore_patterns def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None): """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2(). The destination directory must not already exist. If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons. If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic links are copied. The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir(): callable(src, names) -> ignored_names Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a list of names relative to the `src` directory that should not be copied. XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool. """ names = os.listdir(src) if ignore is not None: ignored_names = ignore(src, names) else: ignored_names = set() os.makedirs(dst) errors = [] for name in names: if name in ignored_names: continue srcname = os.path.join(src, name) dstname = os.path.join(dst, name) try: if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname): linkto = os.readlink(srcname) os.symlink(linkto, dstname) elif os.path.isdir(srcname): copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore) else: # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types copy2(srcname, dstname) # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can # continue with other files except Error, err: errors.extend(err.args[0]) except EnvironmentError, why: errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why))) try: copystat(src, dst) except OSError, why: if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError): # Copying file access times may fail on Windows pass else: errors.append((src, dst, str(why))) if errors: raise Error, errors
shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
递归的去删除文件

def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None): """Recursively delete a directory tree. If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func, path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir; path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info(). If ignore_errors is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised. """ if ignore_errors: def onerror(*args): pass elif onerror is None: def onerror(*args): raise try: if os.path.islink(path): # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669 raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link") except OSError: onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info()) # can't continue even if onerror hook returns return names = [] try: names = os.listdir(path) except os.error, err: onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info()) for name in names: fullname = os.path.join(path, name) try: mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode except os.error: mode = 0 if stat.S_ISDIR(mode): rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror) else: try: os.remove(fullname) except os.error, err: onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info()) try: os.rmdir(path) except os.error: onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件

def move(src, dst): """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is similar to the Unix "mv" command. If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already exist. If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics. If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used. Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed. A lot more could be done here... A look at a mv.c shows a lot of the issues this implementation glosses over. """ real_dst = dst if os.path.isdir(dst): if _samefile(src, dst): # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem, # perform the rename anyway. os.rename(src, dst) return real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src)) if os.path.exists(real_dst): raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst try: os.rename(src, real_dst) except OSError: if os.path.isdir(src): if _destinsrc(src, dst): raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst) copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True) rmtree(src) else: copy2(src, real_dst) os.unlink(src)
shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)
创建压缩包并返回文件路径,例如:zip、tar
- base_name: 压缩包的文件名,也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时,则保存至当前目录,否则保存至指定路径,
如:www =>保存至当前路径
如:/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/ - format: 压缩包种类,“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”,“gztar”
- root_dir: 要压缩的文件夹路径(默认当前目录)
- owner: 用户,默认当前用户
- group: 组,默认当前组
- logger: 用于记录日志,通常是logging.Logger对象
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | #将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录 import shutil ret = shutil.make_archive( "wwwwwwwwww" , 'gztar' , root_dir = '/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test' ) #将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录 import shutil ret = shutil.make_archive( "/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww" , 'gztar' , root_dir = '/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test' ) |
shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的,详细:

import zipfile # 压缩 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w') z.write('a.log') z.write('data.data') z.close() # 解压 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r') z.extractall() z.close()

import tarfile # 压缩 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w') tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip') tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip') tar.close() # 解压 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r') tar.extractall() # 可设置解压地址 tar.close()
1 2 3 4 5 6 | import zipfile f = zipfile.ZipFile( 'text.zip' , 'w' ) f.write( 'oooo.xml' ) f.write( 'readme.md' ) f.close() |
subprocess模块
call
执行命令,返回状态码
1 2 | ret = subprocess.call([ "ls" , "-l" ], shell = False ) ret = subprocess.call( "ls -l" , shell = True ) |
shell = True ,允许 shell 命令是字符串形式
check_call
执行命令,如果执行状态码是 0 ,则返回0,否则抛异常
1 2 | subprocess.check_call([ "ls" , "-l" ]) subprocess.check_call( "exit 1" , shell = True ) |
check_output
执行命令,如果状态码是 0 ,则返回执行结果,否则抛异常
1 2 | subprocess.check_output([ "echo" , "Hello World!" ]) subprocess.check_output( "exit 1" , shell = True ) |
subprocess.Popen(...)
用于执行复杂的系统命令
参数:
- args:shell命令,可以是字符串或者序列类型(如:list,元组)
- bufsize:指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
- stdin, stdout, stderr:分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
- preexec_fn:只在Unix平台下有效,用于指定一个可执行对象(callable object),它将在子进程运行之前被调用
- close_sfs:在windows平台下,如果close_fds被设置为True,则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。 - shell:同上
- cwd:用于设置子进程的当前目录
- env:用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None,子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
- universal_newlines:不同系统的换行符不同,True -> 同意使用 \n
- startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数,用于设置子进程的一些属性,如:主窗口的外观,进程的优先级等等

import subprocess ret1 = subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","t1"]) ret2 = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t2", shell=True)
终端输入的命令分为两种:
- 输入即可得到输出,如:ifconfig
- 输入进行某环境,依赖再输入,如:python

import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3", shell=True, cwd='/home/dev',)

import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ') obj.stdin.close() cmd_out = obj.stdout.read() obj.stdout.close() cmd_error = obj.stderr.read() obj.stderr.close() print cmd_out print cmd_error

import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ') out_error_list = obj.communicate() print out_error_list

import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) out_error_list = obj.communicate('print "hello"') print out_error_list
面向对象

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