Python高性能编程

 一、进程池和线程池

1.串行

import time
import requests

url_lists = [
    'http://www.baidu.com',
    'http://fanyi.baidu.com',
    'http://map.baidu.com',
    'http://music.baidu.com/',
    'http://tieba.baidu.com',
    'http://v.baidu.com',
    'http://image.baidu.com',
    'http://zhidao.baidu.com',
    'http://news.baidu.com',
    'http://xueshu.baidu.com']

start_time = time.time()
for url in url_lists:
    response = requests.get(url)
    print(response.text)
print("Runtime: {}".format(time.time()-start_time))

# Runtime: 1.95

　　

2.多进程

import time
import requests
from multiprocessing import Process

url_lists = [
    'http://www.baidu.com',
    'http://fanyi.baidu.com',
    'http://map.baidu.com',
    'http://music.baidu.com/',
    'http://tieba.baidu.com',
    'http://v.baidu.com',
    'http://image.baidu.com',
    'http://zhidao.baidu.com',
    'http://news.baidu.com',
    'http://xueshu.baidu.com']


def task(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    print(response.text)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    p_list = []
    start_time = time.time()
    for url in url_lists:
        p = Process(target=task, args=(url,))
        p_list.append(p)
        p.start()
    for p in p_list:
        p.join()

    print("Runtime: {}".format(time.time() - start_time))

# Runtime: 1.91

　

3.进程池（1）

import time
import requests
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor

"""
Py2里    没有线程池   但是有进程池
Py3里    有线程池     有进程池
"""

url_lists = [
    'http://www.baidu.com',
    'http://fanyi.baidu.com',
    'http://map.baidu.com',
    'http://music.baidu.com/',
    'http://tieba.baidu.com',
    'http://v.baidu.com',
    'http://image.baidu.com',
    'http://zhidao.baidu.com',
    'http://news.baidu.com',
    'http://xueshu.baidu.com']

def task(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    print(response.content)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    start_time = time.time()
    pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(10)
    for url in url_lists:
        pool.submit(task,url)
    pool.shutdown(wait=True)
    print("Runtime: {}".format(time.time() - start_time))

# Runtime: 2.00

　　

# 进程池 + 回调函数

import time
import requests
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor

"""
Py2里    没有线程池   但是有进程池
Py3里    有线程池     有进程池
"""

url_lists = [
    'http://www.baidu.com',
    'http://fanyi.baidu.com',
    'http://map.baidu.com',
    'http://music.baidu.com/',
    'http://tieba.baidu.com',
    'http://v.baidu.com',
    'http://image.baidu.com',
    'http://zhidao.baidu.com',
    'http://news.baidu.com',
    'http://xueshu.baidu.com']

def task(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response.content

def callback(future):
    print(future.result())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    start_time = time.time()
    pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(10)
    for url in url_lists:
        v = pool.submit(task,url)
        v.add_done_callback(callback)
    pool.shutdown(wait=True)
    print("Runtime: {}".format(time.time() - start_time))

　　

3.进程池（2）

import time
import requests
from  multiprocessing import Pool


url_lists = [
    'http://www.baidu.com',
    'http://fanyi.baidu.com',
    'http://map.baidu.com',
    'http://music.baidu.com/',
    'http://tieba.baidu.com',
    'http://v.baidu.com',
    'http://image.baidu.com',
    'http://zhidao.baidu.com',
    'http://news.baidu.com',
    'http://xueshu.baidu.com']

def task(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response.content
def callBackFunc(content):
    print(content)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    start_time = time.time()
    pool = Pool(10)
    for url in url_lists:
        pool.apply_async(func=task,args=(url,),callback=callBackFunc)
    pool.close()
    pool.join()
    print("Runtime: {}".format(time.time() - start_time))

# Runtime: 1.96

　

2019-03-06 補充

# Parallel 底层調用的是 multiprocessing

import time
from joblib import Parallel, delayed


def func(idx):
    print(idx)
    time.sleep(1)
    return {'idx':idx}


start_ts = time.time()

results = Parallel(-1)(
    delayed(func)(x) for x in range(4)
)

print(results)

print('Runtime : {}'.format(time.time()-start_ts))

 

4.多线程

import time
import requests
from threading import Thread

url_lists = [
    'http://www.baidu.com',
    'http://fanyi.baidu.com',
    'http://map.baidu.com',
    'http://music.baidu.com/',
    'http://tieba.baidu.com',
    'http://v.baidu.com',
    'http://image.baidu.com',
    'http://zhidao.baidu.com',
    'http://news.baidu.com',
    'http://xueshu.baidu.com']


def task(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    print(response.text)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    t_list = []
    start_time = time.time()
    for url in url_lists:
        t = Thread(target=task, args=(url,))
        t_list.append(t)
        t.start()
    for t in t_list:
        t.join()

    print("Runtime: {}".format(time.time() - start_time))

# Runtime: 0.49

　　

5.线程池

import time
import requests
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor

"""
Py2里    没有线程池   但是有进程池
Py3里    有线程池     有进程池
"""

url_lists = [
    'http://www.baidu.com',
    'http://fanyi.baidu.com',
    'http://map.baidu.com',
    'http://music.baidu.com/',
    'http://tieba.baidu.com',
    'http://v.baidu.com',
    'http://image.baidu.com',
    'http://zhidao.baidu.com',
    'http://news.baidu.com',
    'http://xueshu.baidu.com']

def task(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    print(response.content)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    start_time = time.time()
    pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(10)
    for url in url_lists:
        pool.submit(task,url)
    pool.shutdown(wait=True)
    print("Runtime: {}".format(time.time() - start_time))

# Runtime: 0.51

　　

# 线程池 + 回调函数

import time
import requests
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor

"""
Py2里    没有线程池   但是有进程池
Py3里    有线程池     有进程池
"""

url_lists = [
    'http://www.baidu.com',
    'http://fanyi.baidu.com',
    'http://map.baidu.com',
    'http://music.baidu.com/',
    'http://tieba.baidu.com',
    'http://v.baidu.com',
    'http://image.baidu.com',
    'http://zhidao.baidu.com',
    'http://news.baidu.com',
    'http://xueshu.baidu.com']

def task(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response.content

def callback(future):
    print(future.result())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    start_time = time.time()
    pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(10)
    for url in url_lists:
        v = pool.submit(task,url)
        v.add_done_callback(callback)
    pool.shutdown(wait=True)
    print("Runtime: {}".format(time.time() - start_time))

　　

二、异步非阻塞

参考：http://aiohttp.readthedocs.io/en/stable/

参考：http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6229292.html

参考：深入理解 Python 异步编程（上）

参考：http://blog.csdn.net/u014595019/article/details/52295642

"""
异步非阻塞/异步IO
    非阻塞: 不等待
      异步: 回调函数

    本质：一个线程完成并发操作（前提是执行过程中一定得有IO，这样才能让线程空闲出来去执行下一个任务）
"""

1.asyncio示例1

import asyncio

@asyncio.coroutine
def func1():
    print('before...func1......')
    yield from asyncio.sleep(2)
    print('end...func1......')

@asyncio.coroutine
def func2():
    print('before...func2......')
    yield from asyncio.sleep(1)
    print('end...func2......')

@asyncio.coroutine
def func3():
    print('before...func3......')
    yield from asyncio.sleep(3)
    print('end...func3......')

tasks = [func1(), func2(), func3()]

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
loop.close()




### 结果 ###
before...func3......
before...func2......
before...func1......
end...func2......
end...func1......
end...func3......

2.asyncio示例2

####################################################################################
# async/await 是 python3.5中新加入的特性，将异步从原来的yield 写法中解放出来，变得更加直观；
# async 写在def前，替代了装饰器@asyncio.coroutine；await 替换了yield from； 
####################################################################################


import asyncio

async def func1():
    print('before...func1......')
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    print('end...func1......')

async def func2():
    print('before...func2......')
    await asyncio.sleep(1)
    print('end...func2......')

async def func3():
    print('before...func3......')
    await asyncio.sleep(3)
    print('end...func3......')

tasks = [func1(), func2(), func3()]

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
loop.close()

　　

3.asyncio示例3

import asyncio

@asyncio.coroutine
def fetch_async(host, url='/'):
    print(host, url)
    reader, writer = yield from asyncio.open_connection(host, 80)

    request_header_content = """GET %s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n""" % (url, host,)
    request_header_content = bytes(request_header_content, encoding='utf-8')

    writer.write(request_header_content)
    yield from writer.drain()
    text = yield from reader.read()
    print(host, url, text)
    writer.close()

task_list = [
    fetch_async('www.cnblogs.com', '/standby/'),
    fetch_async('www.cnblogs.com', '/standby/p/7739797.html'),
    fetch_async('www.cnblogs.com', '/wupeiqi/articles/6229292.html')
]

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*task_list))
loop.close()

　　

4.asyncio+aiohttp示例1

import asyncio
import aiohttp
import async_timeout

async def fetch(session, url):
    with async_timeout.timeout(10):
        async with session.get(url) as response:
            return await response.text()

async def fetch_async(url):
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        html = await fetch(session, url)
        print(html)

tasks = [
    fetch_async('https://api.github.com/events'),
    fetch_async('http://aiohttp.readthedocs.io/en/stable/'),
    fetch_async('http://aiohttp.readthedocs.io/en/stable/client.html')]

event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = event_loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
event_loop.close()

或者

import asyncio
import aiohttp
import async_timeout


async def fetch_async(url):
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        with async_timeout.timeout(10):
            async with session.get(url) as resp:
                print(resp.status)
                print(await resp.text())

tasks = [
    fetch_async('https://api.github.com/events'),
    fetch_async('http://aiohttp.readthedocs.io/en/stable/'),
    fetch_async('http://aiohttp.readthedocs.io/en/stable/client.html')]

event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = event_loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
event_loop.close()

 

5.asyncio+requests示例

import asyncio
import requests

@asyncio.coroutine
def fetch_async(func, *args):
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    future = loop.run_in_executor(None, func, *args)
    response = yield from future
    print(response.url, response.content)

tasks = [
    fetch_async(requests.get, 'http://aiohttp.readthedocs.io/en/stable/'),
    fetch_async(requests.get, 'https://api.github.com/events')
]

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
loop.close()

 1 import time
 2 import asyncio
 3 import requests
 4 
 5 
 6 async def fetch_async(func, *args):
 7     loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
 8     future = loop.run_in_executor(None, func, *args)
 9     response = await future
10     print(response.url, response.content)
11 
12 tasks = [
13     fetch_async(requests.get, 'http://aiohttp.readthedocs.io/en/stable/'),
14     fetch_async(requests.get, 'https://api.github.com/events')
15 ]
16 
17 loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
18 results = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
19 loop.close()
async/await

补充：

有时候会遇到 RuntimeError: Event loop is closed 这个错误
参考：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45600579/asyncio-event-loop-is-closed

在 fetch_async 函数里添加一下语句即可
asyncio.set_event_loop(asyncio.new_event_loop())

 

6.gevent+requests示例

import gevent
import requests
from gevent import monkey
from gevent.pool import Pool
monkey.patch_all()

def fetch_async(method, url, req_kwargs):
    print(method, url, req_kwargs)
    response = requests.request(method=method, url=url, **req_kwargs)
    print(response.url, response.content)

# ##### 发送请求 #####
# gevent.joinall([
#     gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.python.org/', req_kwargs={}),
#     gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.yahoo.com/', req_kwargs={}),
#     gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://github.com/', req_kwargs={}),
#     gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://api.github.com/events', req_kwargs={}),
# ])

# ##### 发送请求（协程池控制最大协程数量） #####
# pool = Pool(None)
pool = Pool(3)
gevent.joinall([
    pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.python.org/', req_kwargs={}),
    pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.yahoo.com/', req_kwargs={}),
    pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.github.com/', req_kwargs={}),
    pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://api.github.com/events', req_kwargs={}),
    pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.baidu.com', req_kwargs={}),
    pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.ibm.com', req_kwargs={}),
    pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.intel.com', req_kwargs={}),
    pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.iqiyi.com', req_kwargs={}),
])

使用gevent协程并获取返回值示例：

def get_single_chart_data_flux(single_data_param):
    import gevent
    from gevent import monkey
    from gevent.pool import Pool as gPool
    monkey.patch_socket()
    ip,port,timestamp,time_length,type_name,subtype_name,filter_str_list,appid,legend = single_data_param
    ModelClass = get_model_class(type_name)
    func = apps.get_app_config('serverdata').service.get_single_chart_data
    pool = gPool(len(filter_str_list))
    func_li = []
    for filter_str in filter_str_list:
        func_li.append(pool.spawn(func,ModelClass,ip,port,timestamp,time_length,subtype_name,filter_str,appid,legend))
    ret_li = gevent.joinall(func_li)
    # view_logger.debug(ret_li[0].get('value'))
    result_li = [{'filter_con':item.get('value')[2], 'value':item.get('value')[1], 'legend':item.get('value')[3]} for item in ret_li]
    return result_li

 

7.Twisted示例

from twisted.web.client import getPage, defer
from twisted.internet import reactor

def all_done(arg):
    reactor.stop()

def callback(contents,url):
    print(url,contents)

deferred_list = []

url_list = [
    'http://www.bing.com',
    'http://www.baidu.com',
    'https://www.python.org',
    'https://www.yahoo.com',
    'https://www.github.com'
]
start_time = time.time()
for url in url_list:
    deferred = getPage(bytes(url, encoding='utf8'))
    deferred.addCallback(callback,url)
    deferred_list.append(deferred)

dlist = defer.DeferredList(deferred_list)
dlist.addBoth(all_done)

reactor.run()

 

8.Tornado示例

 参考：Tornado的异步非阻塞

 

以上均是Python内置以及第三方模块提供异步IO请求模块，使用简便大大提高效率；

而对于异步IO请求的本质则是【非阻塞Socket】+【IO多路复用】 

 

三、自定义异步非阻塞模块

1.简单示例

"""
异步非阻塞/异步IO
    非阻塞: 不等待
      异步: 回调函数

    本质：一个线程完成并发操作（前提是执行过程中一定得有IO，这样才能让线程空闲出来去执行下一个任务）
    
    
IO 多路复用  +  socket
    - IO多路复用:  select epoll 用于检测socket对象是否发生变化（是否连接成功，是否有数据到来）
    - socket  :  socket客户端
    
    - IO请求是不占用CPU的，计算型的才占用CPU
"""

import socket
import select

conn_list = []
input_list = []

for url in range(20):
    client = socket.socket()
    client.setblocking(False)
    try:
        client.connect(('61.135.169.121',80))
    except BlockingIOError as e:
        pass
    conn_list.append(client)
    input_list.append(client)

while True:
    rlist, wlist, errlist = select.select(input_list, conn_list, [], 0.05)
    for sock in wlist:
        sock.sendall(b"GET / HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: www.baidu.com\r\n\r\n")
        conn_list.remove(sock)
    for sock in rlist:
        data = sock.recv(8192)
        sock.close()
        input_list.remove(sock)
        print(data)
    if not input_list:
        break

2.自定义异步非阻塞模块

#!/usr/bin/python3.5
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

"""
异步非阻塞/异步IO
    非阻塞: 不等待
      异步: 回调函数

    本质：一个线程完成并发操作（前提是执行过程中一定得有IO，这样才能让线程空闲出来去执行下一个任务）
    
    
IO 多路复用  +  socket
    - IO多路复用:  select epoll 用于检测socket对象是否发生变化（是否连接成功，是否有数据到来）
    - socket  :  socket客户端
    
    - IO请求是不占用CPU的，计算型的才占用CPU
"""

import socket
import select
from urllib import parse

class Request():
    def __init__(self,sock,url,callback):
        """
        初始化
        :param sock: client's socket
        :param callback: callback function
        :param url: page url which wanna crawling
        """
        self.sock = sock
        self.url = url
        self.callback = callback

    def fileno(self):
        return self.sock.fileno()
    @property
    def host(self):
        domain = parse.urlparse(self.url)
        return domain.netloc
    @property
    def pathinfo(self):
        domain = parse.urlparse(self.url)
        return domain.path

def async_request(url_list):
    conn_list = []
    input_list = []
    for li in url_list:
        sock = socket.socket()
        sock.setblocking(False)
        obj = Request(sock, li[0], li[1])
        try:
            sock.connect((obj.host,80))
        except BlockingIOError as e:
            pass
        conn_list.append(obj)
        input_list.append(obj)

    while True:
        # 监听socket是否已经发生变化 [request_obj,request_obj....request_obj]
        # 如果有请求连接成功：wlist = [request_obj,request_obj]
        # 如果有响应的数据：  rlist = [request_obj,request_obj....client100]
        rlist, wlist, errlist = select.select(input_list, conn_list, [], 0.05)
        for obj in wlist:
            # print("链接成功，发送请求...")
            # obj.sock.sendall("GET {0} HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: {1}\r\n\r\n".format(obj.pathinfo,obj.host).encode('utf-8'))
            obj.sock.sendall(bytes("GET {0} HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: {1}\r\n\r\n".format(obj.pathinfo,obj.host),encoding='utf-8'))
            conn_list.remove(obj)
        for obj in rlist:
            # print("获取响应...")
            data = obj.sock.recv(8192)
            obj.callback(data)
            obj.sock.close()
            input_list.remove(obj)
        if not input_list:
            break


if __name__ == '__main__':
    def callback1(data):
        print("cnblogs...", data)
    def callback2(data):
        print("csdn...", data)
    def callback3(data):
        print("tornadoweb...", data)

    url_list = [
        ['http://www.cnblogs.com/standby/p/7589055.html', callback1],
        ['http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6229292.html', callback1],
        ['http://blog.csdn.net/vip_wangsai/article/details/51997882', callback2],
        ['http://blog.csdn.net/hjhmpl123/article/details/53378068', callback2],
        ['http://blog.csdn.net/zcc_0015/article/details/50688145', callback2],
        ['http://www.tornadoweb.org/en/stable/guide.html', callback3],
        ['http://www.tornadoweb.org/en/stable/guide/async.html', callback3],
        ['http://www.tornadoweb.org/en/stable/guide/coroutines.html#python-3-5-async-and-await', callback3]
    ]

    async_request(url_list)

　　

3.牛逼的异步IO模块

摘自这里

import select
import socket
import time


class AsyncTimeoutException(TimeoutError):
    """
    请求超时异常类
    """

    def __init__(self, msg):
        self.msg = msg
        super(AsyncTimeoutException, self).__init__(msg)


class HttpContext(object):
    """封装请求和相应的基本数据"""

    def __init__(self, sock, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout=5):
        """
        sock: 请求的客户端socket对象
        host: 请求的主机名
        port: 请求的端口
        port: 请求的端口
        method: 请求方式
        url: 请求的URL
        data: 请求时请求体中的数据
        callback: 请求完成后的回调函数
        timeout: 请求的超时时间
        """
        self.sock = sock
        self.callback = callback
        self.host = host
        self.port = port
        self.method = method
        self.url = url
        self.data = data

        self.timeout = timeout

        self.__start_time = time.time()
        self.__buffer = []

    def is_timeout(self):
        """当前请求是否已经超时"""
        current_time = time.time()
        if (self.__start_time + self.timeout) < current_time:
            return True

    def fileno(self):
        """请求sockect对象的文件描述符，用于select监听"""
        return self.sock.fileno()

    def write(self, data):
        """在buffer中写入响应内容"""
        self.__buffer.append(data)

    def finish(self, exc=None):
        """在buffer中写入响应内容完成，执行请求的回调函数"""
        if not exc:
            response = b''.join(self.__buffer)
            self.callback(self, response, exc)
        else:
            self.callback(self, None, exc)

    def send_request_data(self):
        content = """%s %s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n%s""" % (
            self.method.upper(), self.url, self.host, self.data,)

        return content.encode(encoding='utf8')


class AsyncRequest(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.fds = []
        self.connections = []

    def add_request(self, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout):
        """创建一个要请求"""
        client = socket.socket()
        client.setblocking(False)
        try:
            client.connect((host, port))
        except BlockingIOError as e:
            pass
            # print('已经向远程发送连接的请求')
        req = HttpContext(client, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout)
        self.connections.append(req)
        self.fds.append(req)

    def check_conn_timeout(self):
        """检查所有的请求，是否有已经连接超时，如果有则终止"""
        timeout_list = []
        for context in self.connections:
            if context.is_timeout():
                timeout_list.append(context)
        for context in timeout_list:
            context.finish(AsyncTimeoutException('请求超时'))
            self.fds.remove(context)
            self.connections.remove(context)

    def running(self):
        """事件循环，用于检测请求的socket是否已经就绪，从而执行相关操作"""
        while True:
            r, w, e = select.select(self.fds, self.connections, self.fds, 0.05)

            if not self.fds:
                return

            for context in r:
                sock = context.sock
                while True:
                    try:
                        data = sock.recv(8096)
                        if not data:
                            self.fds.remove(context)
                            context.finish()
                            break
                        else:
                            context.write(data)
                    except BlockingIOError as e:
                        break
                    except TimeoutError as e:
                        self.fds.remove(context)
                        self.connections.remove(context)
                        context.finish(e)
                        break

            for context in w:
                # 已经连接成功远程服务器，开始向远程发送请求数据
                if context in self.fds:
                    data = context.send_request_data()
                    context.sock.sendall(data)
                    self.connections.remove(context)

            self.check_conn_timeout()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    def callback_func(context, response, ex):
        """
        :param context: HttpContext对象，内部封装了请求相关信息
        :param response: 请求响应内容
        :param ex: 是否出现异常（如果有异常则值为异常对象；否则值为None）
        :return:
        """
        print(context, response, ex)

    obj = AsyncRequest()
    url_list = [
        {'host': 'www.google.com', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
        {'host': 'www.baidu.com', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
        {'host': 'www.bing.com', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
    ]
    for item in url_list:
        print(item)
        obj.add_request(**item)

    obj.running()
posted @ 2017-10-28 11:51  lixin[at]hitwh  阅读(1343)  评论(0)  编辑  收藏  举报