JavaWeb学习之Servlet(二)----Servlet的生命周期、继承结构、修改Servlet模板

 【声明】

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文章来源:http://www.cnblogs.com/smyhvae/p/4140466.html

 

一、http协议回顾:

在上一篇文章中:JavaWeb学习之Servlet(一)----MyEclipse及Tomcat的配置,我们通过在浏览器输入url,就能看到在MyEclipse中编写的Servlet资源,效果如下:

上图中,整个过程是这样的:浏览器中输入url后,会通过hosts文件/dns服务器解析为IP地址,进而找到对应ip地址的服务器。

在这期间,浏览器会通过http协议发出请求。服务器端收到请求后,做了下面这些事:

(1)分析出当前请求的是哪台虚拟主机:

  • 查看Host请求头分析出访问的是哪台虚拟主机
  • 如果没有Host请求头(在浏览器地址栏直接输入ip地址而不是url),则访问缺省虚拟主机

(2)分析当前请求访问的是当前虚拟主机的哪个Web应用:

  • 从请求行中请求的资源部分来分析

(3)分析当前请求要访问的是这个Web应用的哪个资源:

  • 从请求行的资源部分分析出访问的是哪个资源

(4)查找web.xml文件,查看有没有对应的虚拟路径,如果有则用这个虚拟路径对应的资源做响应

(5)服务器从response对象中获取之前写入的数据(这就是写在Servlet当中的java代码),组织成http响应消息发给浏览器

注:第(5)句话便是本文要学习的重点。

 

二、Servet的运行过程及生命周期

Servlet程序是由WEB服务器调用,web服务器收到客户端的ServletWeb服务器首先检查是否已经装载并创建了该Servlet的实例对象。如果是,则直接执行第(4)步,否则,执行第(2)步。

访问请求后:

(1)装载并创建该Servlet的一个实例对象。

(2)调用Servlet实例对象的init()方法。

(3)创建一个用于封装HTTP请求消息的HttpServletRequest对象和一个代表HTTP响应消息的HttpServletResponse对象,然后调用Servlet的service()方法并将请求和响应对象作为参数传递进去。

(4)WEB应用程序被停止或重新启动之前,Servlet引擎将卸载Servlet,并在卸载之前调用Servlet的destroy()方法。 

Servet的生命周期:

Servlet 的生命周期定义了一个Servlet如何被加载、初始化,以及它怎样接收请求、响应请求、提供服务。

生命周期如下:

  • (1)通常情况下,服务器会在Servlet第一次被调用时创建该Servlet类的实例对象(servlet出生),创建出对象后立即调用init()方法做初始化操作;
  • (2)一旦被创建出来,该Servlet实例就会驻留在内存中,为后续对这个Servlet的请求做服务,每次对这个Servlet的访问都会导致Servlet中Service方法执行;
  • (3)当web应用被移除容器或者关闭服务器时,随着web应用的销毁,Servlet也会被销毁(servlet死亡)。在销毁之前服务器会调用Servlet的destroy方法做一些善后的工作。

有3个方法代表了Servlet的生命周期:

  • init方法,负责初始化Servlet对象。
  • service方法,负责响应客户的请求(调用doGet或doPost等方法)。
  • destroy方法,当Servlet对象退出生命周期时,负责释放占用的资源。

注:在Servlet的整个生命周期内,Servlet的init方法只有在servlet被创建时被调用一次,每次对这个Servlet的访问都会导致Servlet中Service方法执行。

例如:现在浏览器连续访问Servlet 10次,内存中只有一个Sevlet对象。Servlet对象由服务器创建(创建一次),request和response由Servlet容器创建(创建10次)

来看一段代码:

 1 package com.vae.servlet;
 2 import java.io.IOException;
 3 import java.io.PrintWriter;
 4 import javax.servlet.ServletException;
 5 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
 6 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 7 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 8 //一般实现一个Servlet,只要继承HttpServlet类即可
 9 public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {
10     //Servlet初始化时调用的方法
11     @Override
12     public void init() throws ServletException {
13         super.init();
14         System.out.println("init....");
15     }
16     
17     //Servlet被销毁时调用的方法
18     @Override
19     public void destroy() {
20         super.destroy();
21         System.out.println("destroy...");
22     }
23     //-------doGet/doPost 核心的业务处理方法(由service方法来调用)------------    
24     @Override
25     protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
26             throws ServletException, IOException {
27         //super.doGet(req, resp);
28         doPost(req, resp);
29         System.out.println("do service...");
30     }
31     
32     @Override
33     protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
34             throws ServletException, IOException {
35         //super.doPost(req, resp);
36     }
37 }

运行程序,输入url,此时,一按回车,马上就会在后台打出日志:

然后连续刷新三次网页,日志如下:

可以看到,Servelet只会初始化一次,之后的话,我们多次访问的是同一个Sevlet对象。此时,即使关掉网页,Servlet也不会销毁,只有关掉Tomcat服务器才会销毁Servlet。

需要注意的是,前台可能有get和post两种请求,但是在后台做的处理是一样的。例如:前台输入用户名密码,在后台验证的时候是不区分哪一种请求方式的。于是,如果在doGet()方法中写了代码内容,我们可以在doPost()方法中加一句:"doGet(req,resp);"即可,就可以进行重复利用(毕竟执行的都是同一段逻辑)。

 

三、Servlet的继承结构:

  • Servlet接口:定义了Servlet应该具有的基本方法
  • GenericServlet:抽象类,实现了Servlet接口。通用基本Servlet实现,对于不常用的方法在这个实现类中进行了基本的实现,将Service设计为了抽象方法,需要子类去实现
  • HttpServlet:抽象类,继承了GenericServlet类。在通用Servlet的基础上基于HTTP协议进行了进一步的强化:复写了GenericServlet中的Service方法,Service方法体内的代码会自动判断用户的请求方式如为GET请求,则调用HttpServlet的doGet方法,如为Post请求,则调用doPost方法。因此,开发人员在编写Servlet时,通常只需要继承HttpServlet,然后覆写doGet或doPost方法,而不要去覆写service方法。

 

四、修改Servlet模板:

使用MyEclipse创建Servlet时,根据默认的Servlet模板生成的Servlet代码如下:

 1 import java.io.IOException;
 2 import java.io.PrintWriter;
 3 
 4 import javax.servlet.ServletException;
 5 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
 6 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 7 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 8 
 9 
10 public class Servlet2 extends HttpServlet {
11 
12     /**
13      * The doGet method of the servlet. <br>
14      *
15      * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to get.
16      * 
17      * @param request the request send by the client to the server
18      * @param response the response send by the server to the client
19      * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
20      * @throws IOException if an error occurred
21      */
22     public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
23             throws ServletException, IOException {
24 
25         response.setContentType("text/html");
26         PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
27         out.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">");
28         out.println("<HTML>");
29         out.println("  <HEAD><TITLE>A Servlet</TITLE></HEAD>");
30         out.println("  <BODY>");
31         out.print("    This is ");
32         out.print(this.getClass());
33         out.println(", using the GET method");
34         out.println("  </BODY>");
35         out.println("</HTML>");
36         out.flush();
37         out.close();
38     }
39 
40     /**
41      * The doPost method of the servlet. <br>
42      *
43      * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to post.
44      * 
45      * @param request the request send by the client to the server
46      * @param response the response send by the server to the client
47      * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
48      * @throws IOException if an error occurred
49      */
50     public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
51             throws ServletException, IOException {
52 
53         response.setContentType("text/html");
54         PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
55         out.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">");
56         out.println("<HTML>");
57         out.println("  <HEAD><TITLE>A Servlet</TITLE></HEAD>");
58         out.println("  <BODY>");
59         out.print("    This is ");
60         out.print(this.getClass());
61         out.println(", using the POST method");
62         out.println("  </BODY>");
63         out.println("</HTML>");
64         out.flush();
65         out.close();
66     }
67 
68 }
View Code

在实际开发中,这些生成的代码和注释一般我们都用不到的,每次都要手工删除这些注释和代码,很麻烦,因此可以根据开发的实际情况修改Servlet的模板代码,改成符合实际开发需求的模板代码。

MyEclipse 10修改Servlet模板的步骤如下:

关闭MyEclipse,找到MyEclipse安装目录下的\Common\plugins文件夹,比如:D:\MyEclipse10\Common\plugins然后找到com.genuitec.eclipse.wizards_9.0.0.me201108091322.jar这个jar文件,如下图所示:

950e08d3-2786-46f2-b234-6957a8923cd4

用压缩工具打开,注意是打开而不是解压这个jar包,如下图所示:

aecc9f6c-e5df-4391-8a5d-66747007c630

5021689d-6f52-4709-aa1f-1cf8ecaab25f

上图中,打开Jar包中的Templates文件夹中的Servlet.java文件,可以看到里面的模板代码:

  1 #---------------------------------------------#
  2 # <aw:description>Template for Servlet</aw:description>
  3 # <aw:version>1.1</aw:version>
  4 # <aw:date>04/05/2003</aw:date>
  5 # <aw:author>Ferret Renaud</aw:author>
  6 #---------------------------------------------#
  7 
  8 <aw:import>java.io.IOException</aw:import>
  9 <aw:import>java.io.PrintWriter</aw:import>
 10 
 11 <aw:import>javax.servlet.ServletException</aw:import>
 12 <aw:import>javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet</aw:import>
 13 <aw:import>javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest</aw:import>
 14 <aw:import>javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse</aw:import>
 15 
 16 <aw:parentClass>javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet</aw:parentClass>
 17 
 18 <aw:constructor name="c1">
 19     /**
 20      * Constructor of the object.
 21      */
 22     public <aw:className/>() {
 23         super();
 24     }
 25 
 26 </aw:constructor> 
 27  
 28 <aw:method name="doGet">
 29     /**
 30      * The doGet method of the servlet. <br>
 31      *
 32      * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to get.
 33      * 
 34      * @param request the request send by the client to the server
 35      * @param response the response send by the server to the client
 36      * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
 37      * @throws IOException if an error occurred
 38      */
 39     public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
 40         throws ServletException, IOException {
 41         response.setContentType("text/html");
 42         PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
 43         out.println(
 44             "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">");
 45         out.println("<HTML>");
 46         out.println("  <HEAD><TITLE>A Servlet</TITLE></HEAD>");
 47         out.println("  <BODY>");
 48         out.print("    This is ");
 49         out.print(this.getClass());
 50         out.println(", using the GET method");
 51         out.println("  </BODY>");
 52         out.println("</HTML>");
 53         out.flush();
 54         out.close();
 55     }
 56 
 57 </aw:method>
 58 
 59 <aw:method name="doPost">
 60     /**
 61      * The doPost method of the servlet. <br>
 62      *
 63      * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to post.
 64      * 
 65      * @param request the request send by the client to the server
 66      * @param response the response send by the server to the client
 67      * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
 68      * @throws IOException if an error occurred
 69      */
 70     public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
 71         throws ServletException, IOException {
 72         response.setContentType("text/html");
 73         PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
 74         out.println(
 75             "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">");
 76         out.println("<HTML>");
 77         out.println("  <HEAD><TITLE>A Servlet</TITLE></HEAD>");
 78         out.println("  <BODY>");
 79         out.print("    This is ");
 80         out.print(this.getClass());
 81         out.println(", using the POST method");
 82         out.println("  </BODY>");
 83         out.println("</HTML>");
 84         out.flush();
 85         out.close();
 86     }
 87 
 88 </aw:method>
 89 
 90 <aw:method name="doPut">
 91     /**
 92      * The doPut method of the servlet. <br>
 93      *
 94      * This method is called when a HTTP put request is received.
 95      * 
 96      * @param request the request send by the client to the server
 97      * @param response the response send by the server to the client
 98      * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
 99      * @throws IOException if an error occurred
100      */
101     public void doPut(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
102         throws ServletException, IOException {
103 
104         // Put your code here
105 
106     }
107 
108 </aw:method>
109 
110 <aw:method name="doDelete">
111     /**
112      * The doDelete method of the servlet. <br>
113      *
114      * This method is called when a HTTP delete request is received.
115      * 
116      * @param request the request send by the client to the server
117      * @param response the response send by the server to the client
118      * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
119      * @throws IOException if an error occurred
120      */
121     public void doDelete(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
122         throws ServletException, IOException {
123 
124         // Put your code here
125 
126     }
127 
128 </aw:method>
129 
130 <aw:method name="init">
131     /**
132      * Initialization of the servlet. <br>
133      *
134      * @throws ServletException if an error occurs
135      */
136     public void init() throws ServletException {
137         // Put your code here
138     }
139 
140 </aw:method>
141 
142 <aw:method name="destroy">
143     /**
144      * Destruction of the servlet. <br>
145      */
146     public void destroy() {
147         super.destroy(); // Just puts "destroy" string in log
148         // Put your code here
149     }
150 
151 </aw:method>
152 
153 <aw:method name="getServletInfo">
154     /**
155      * Returns information about the servlet, such as 
156      * author, version, and copyright. 
157      *
158      * @return String information about this servlet
159      */
160     public String getServletInfo() {
161         return "This is my default servlet created by Eclipse";
162     }
163 
164 </aw:method>
View Code

代码模板中,删除doGet和doPost上方的注释和方法里面的代码,并在doPost方法里面添加一doGet(request,response);效果如下:

f8373f28-9753-4e9b-9076-2393e323217a

修改好之后,保存,重启MyEclipse,就可以使用新的模板代码了:

package com.vae.servlet;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class Servlet2 extends HttpServlet {

    public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {

    }

    public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request, response);
    }

}

 

posted @ 2014-12-03 16:47  千古壹号  阅读(5152)  评论(1编辑  收藏  举报