rpm 更新/升级 软件包（libGL-devel手动安装过程）
rpm参数解释
-i 安装
-h 解压rpm的时候打印50个斜条 (#)
-v 显示详细信息
升级命令
rpm -Uvh rpm文件名
参数解释
-U 升级
-h 解压rpm的时候打印50个斜条 (#)
-v 显示详细信息
-q 在系统中查询软件或查询指定rpm包的内容信息
-i 在系统中安装软件
-U 在系统中升级软件
-e 在系统中卸载软件
-h 用#(hash)符显示rpm安装过程
-v 详述安装过程
-p 表明对RPM包进行查询，通常和其它参数同时使用，如：
-qlp 查询某个RPM包中的所有文件列表
-qip 查询某个RPM包的内容信息
i 表示info，获得软件包的信息；
l 表示list，获得文件列表；
a 表示all，在所有包中执行查询；
f 表示file，根据文件进行相关的查询；
p 表示package，根据软件包进行查询
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例子：
手动安装 libGL-devel
1、
命令安装"yum install libGL-devel"，显示信息：
[root@CentOS6 ~]# yum install libGL-devel Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security base | 3.7 kB 00:00 base/primary_db | 3.6 MB 00:25 extras | 3.4 kB 00:00 extras/primary_db | 30 kB 00:00 updates | 3.4 kB 00:00 updates/primary_db | 3.7 MB 00:42 Setting up Install Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package mesa-libGL-devel.i686 0:10.4.3-1.el6 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: mesa-libGL = 10.4.3-1.el6 for package: mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Processing Dependency: pkgconfig(libdrm) >= 2.4.38 for package: mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Processing Dependency: pkgconfig(xxf86vm) for package: mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Processing Dependency: pkgconfig(xdamage) for package: mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Running transaction check ---> Package libXdamage-devel.i686 0:1.1.3-4.el6 will be installed ---> Package libXxf86vm-devel.i686 0:1.1.3-2.1.el6 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: libXxf86vm = 1.1.3-2.1.el6 for package: libXxf86vm-devel-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686 ---> Package libdrm-devel.i686 0:2.4.59-2.el6 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: libdrm = 2.4.59-2.el6 for package: libdrm-devel-2.4.59-2.el6.i686 ---> Package mesa-libGL.i686 0:9.0-0.7.el6 will be updated ---> Package mesa-libGL.i686 0:10.4.3-1.el6 will be an update --> Processing Dependency: mesa-dri-drivers(x86-32) = 10.4.3-1.el6 for package: mesa-libGL-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Processing Dependency: libX11 > 1.6 for package: mesa-libGL-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Running transaction check ---> Package libX11.i686 0:1.5.0-4.el6 will be updated --> Processing Dependency: libX11 = 1.5.0-4.el6 for package: libX11-devel-1.5.0-4.el6.i686 ---> Package libX11.i686 0:1.6.0-6.el6 will be an update --> Processing Dependency: libX11-common = 1.6.0-6.el6 for package: libX11-1.6.0-6.el6.i686 ---> Package libXxf86vm.i686 0:1.1.2-2.el6 will be updated ---> Package libXxf86vm.i686 0:1.1.3-2.1.el6 will be an update ---> Package libdrm.i686 0:2.4.39-1.el6 will be updated ---> Package libdrm.i686 0:2.4.59-2.el6 will be an update ---> Package mesa-dri-drivers.i686 0:9.0-0.7.el6 will be updated ---> Package mesa-dri-drivers.i686 0:10.4.3-1.el6 will be an update --> Processing Dependency: libLLVM-3.4-mesa.so(libLLVM-3.4-mesa.so) for package: mesa-dri-drivers-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Processing Dependency: libLLVM-3.4-mesa.so for package: mesa-dri-drivers-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Running transaction check ---> Package libX11-common.noarch 0:1.5.0-4.el6 will be updated ---> Package libX11-common.noarch 0:1.6.0-6.el6 will be an update ---> Package libX11-devel.i686 0:1.5.0-4.el6 will be updated ---> Package libX11-devel.i686 0:1.6.0-6.el6 will be an update ---> Package mesa-private-llvm.i686 0:3.4-3.el6 will be installed --> Processing Conflict: libX11-1.6.0-6.el6.i686 conflicts libxcb < 1.9.1-3 --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. --> Running transaction check ---> Package libxcb.i686 0:1.8.1-1.el6 will be updated --> Processing Dependency: libxcb = 1.8.1-1.el6 for package: libxcb-devel-1.8.1-1.el6.i686 ---> Package libxcb.i686 0:1.9.1-3.el6 will be an update --> Running transaction check ---> Package libxcb-devel.i686 0:1.8.1-1.el6 will be updated ---> Package libxcb-devel.i686 0:1.9.1-3.el6 will be an update --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================ Installing: mesa-libGL-devel i686 10.4.3-1.el6 base 495 k Updating: libxcb i686 1.9.1-3.el6 base 115 k Installing for dependencies: libXdamage-devel i686 1.1.3-4.el6 base 9.3 k libXxf86vm-devel i686 1.1.3-2.1.el6 base 18 k libdrm-devel i686 2.4.59-2.el6 base 88 k mesa-private-llvm i686 3.4-3.el6 base 5.9 M Updating for dependencies: libX11 i686 1.6.0-6.el6 base 593 k libX11-common noarch 1.6.0-6.el6 base 192 k libX11-devel i686 1.6.0-6.el6 base 983 k libXxf86vm i686 1.1.3-2.1.el6 base 16 k libdrm i686 2.4.59-2.el6 base 127 k libxcb-devel i686 1.9.1-3.el6 base 1.0 M mesa-dri-drivers i686 10.4.3-1.el6 base 14 M mesa-libGL i686 10.4.3-1.el6 base 164 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================ Install 5 Package(s) Upgrade 9 Package(s) Total download size: 23 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: (1/14): libX11-1.6.0-6.el6.i686.rpm | 593 kB 00:04 (2/14): libX11-common-1.6.0-6.el6.noarch.rpm | 192 kB 00:01 (3/14): libX11-devel-1.6.0-6.el6.i686.rpm | 983 kB 00:06 (4/14): libXdamage-devel-1.1.3-4.el6.i686.rpm | 9.3 kB 00:00 (5/14): libXxf86vm-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686.rpm | 16 kB 00:00 (6/14): libXxf86vm-devel-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686.rpm | 18 kB 00:00 (7/14): libdrm-2.4.59-2.el6.i686.rpm | 127 kB 00:01 (8/14): libdrm-devel-2.4.59-2.el6.i686.rpm | 88 kB 00:00 (9/14): libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm | 115 kB 00:00 (10/14): libxcb-devel-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm | 1.0 MB 00:07 (11/14): mesa-dri-drivers-10.4.3-1.el6.i686.rpm | 14 MB 01:38 (12/14): mesa-libGL-10.4.3-1.el6.i686.rpm | 164 kB 00:01 (13/14): mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686.rpm | 495 kB 00:03 (14/14): mesa-private-llvm-3.4-3.el6.i686.rpm | 5.9 MB 00:41 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 138 kB/s | 23 MB 02:54 warning: rpmts_HdrFromFdno: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY Retrieving key from file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 Importing GPG key 0xC105B9DE: Userid : CentOS-6 Key (CentOS 6 Official Signing Key) <centos-6-key@centos.org> Package: centos-release-6-4.el6.centos.10.i686 (@anaconda-CentOS-201303020136.i386/6.4) From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 Is this ok [y/N]: y Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Updating : libdrm-2.4.59-2.el6.i686 1/23 Updating : libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686 2/23 Updating : libxcb-devel-1.9.1-3.el6.i686 3/23 Installing : libdrm-devel-2.4.59-2.el6.i686 4/23 Updating : libX11-common-1.6.0-6.el6.noarch 5/23 Updating : libX11-1.6.0-6.el6.i686 6/23 Updating : libX11-devel-1.6.0-6.el6.i686 7/23 Updating : libXxf86vm-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686 8/23 Installing : libXxf86vm-devel-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686 9/23 Installing : libXdamage-devel-1.1.3-4.el6.i686 10/23 Installing : mesa-private-llvm-3.4-3.el6.i686 11/23 Updating : mesa-dri-drivers-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 12/23 Updating : mesa-libGL-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 13/23 Installing : mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 14/23 Cleanup : mesa-libGL-9.0-0.7.el6.i686 15/23 Cleanup : libX11-devel-1.5.0-4.el6.i686 16/23 Cleanup : libxcb-devel-1.8.1-1.el6.i686 17/23 Cleanup : libXxf86vm-1.1.2-2.el6.i686 18/23 Cleanup : libX11-1.5.0-4.el6.i686 19/23 Cleanup : mesa-dri-drivers-9.0-0.7.el6.i686 20/23 Cleanup : libdrm-2.4.39-1.el6.i686 21/23 Cleanup : libX11-common-1.5.0-4.el6.noarch 22/23 Cleanup : libxcb-1.8.1-1.el6.i686 23/23 Verifying : libXxf86vm-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686 1/23 Verifying : libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686 2/23 Verifying : libXxf86vm-devel-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686 3/23 Verifying : mesa-dri-drivers-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 4/23 Verifying : mesa-private-llvm-3.4-3.el6.i686 5/23 Verifying : libX11-1.6.0-6.el6.i686 6/23 Verifying : libXdamage-devel-1.1.3-4.el6.i686 7/23 Verifying : libX11-common-1.6.0-6.el6.noarch 8/23 Verifying : mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 9/23 Verifying : libX11-devel-1.6.0-6.el6.i686 10/23 Verifying : libxcb-devel-1.9.1-3.el6.i686 11/23 Verifying : mesa-libGL-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 12/23 Verifying : libdrm-devel-2.4.59-2.el6.i686 13/23 Verifying : libdrm-2.4.59-2.el6.i686 14/23 Verifying : mesa-dri-drivers-9.0-0.7.el6.i686 15/23 Verifying : libxcb-1.8.1-1.el6.i686 16/23 Verifying : libXxf86vm-1.1.2-2.el6.i686 17/23 Verifying : libdrm-2.4.39-1.el6.i686 18/23 Verifying : mesa-libGL-9.0-0.7.el6.i686 19/23 Verifying : libX11-devel-1.5.0-4.el6.i686 20/23 Verifying : libX11-common-1.5.0-4.el6.noarch 21/23 Verifying : libX11-1.5.0-4.el6.i686 22/23 Verifying : libxcb-devel-1.8.1-1.el6.i686 23/23 Installed: mesa-libGL-devel.i686 0:10.4.3-1.el6 Dependency Installed: libXdamage-devel.i686 0:1.1.3-4.el6 libXxf86vm-devel.i686 0:1.1.3-2.1.el6 libdrm-devel.i686 0:2.4.59-2.el6 mesa-private-llvm.i686 0:3.4-3.el6 Updated: libxcb.i686 0:1.9.1-3.el6 Dependency Updated: libX11.i686 0:1.6.0-6.el6 libX11-common.noarch 0:1.6.0-6.el6 libX11-devel.i686 0:1.6.0-6.el6 libXxf86vm.i686 0:1.1.3-2.1.el6 libdrm.i686 0:2.4.59-2.el6 libxcb-devel.i686 0:1.9.1-3.el6 mesa-dri-drivers.i686 0:10.4.3-1.el6 mesa-libGL.i686 0:10.4.3-1.el6 Complete! [root@CentOS6 ~]#
ZC：可以看到，需要安装的软件 确实是 mesa-libGL-devel，然后还有一些需要安装/升级的软件。
ZC: 还有软件安装的顺序。
ZC：我在软件下载之后，保留了yum下载的相关软件（共14个，具体名字上面的过程中都有显示）。
ZC：在 yum安装 libGL-devel 的时候，在安装下载的软件之前，有一个 询问检索key 的过程，这个时候我正好用来复制yum下载的软件，然后yum安装完毕之后 会自动删掉下载的软件。我不知道是否所有的"yum install ???"在下载完毕之后都有一个询问的过程，如果没有的话，需要配置yum不自动删除下载的软件 以便我们复制下载的软件。
2、
手动安装 libGL-devel :
按照 yum的安装顺序来安装相关软件。遇到问题：
(1)、"rpm -Uvh libdrm-2.4.59-2.el6.i686.rpm" ==> 这个软件，顺利安装，没有问题。
(2)、"rpm -Uvh libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm" ==> 这个安装的时候有错误信息，如下：
[root@CentOS6 packages]# rpm -qa|grep libdrm
libdrm-2.4.59-2.el6.i686
[root@CentOS6 packages]# rpm -Uvh libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm
warning: libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
libxcb = 1.8.1-1.el6 is needed by (installed) libxcb-devel-1.8.1-1.el6.i686
[root@CentOS6 packages]# rpm -qa|grep libxcb
libxcb-1.8.1-1.el6.i686
libxcb-devel-1.8.1-1.el6.i686
[root@CentOS6 packages]#
ZC：上面信息可见：
(A)、libdrm-2.4.59-2.el6.i686.rpm 安装成功
(B)、原来系统中 libxcb 和 libxcb-devel 的版本 已经是 1.8.1-1 了。
(C)、libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm 安装报错，说 “libxcb-1.8.1-1.el6.i686.rpm(已安装) 被 libxcb-devel-1.8.1-1.el6.i686.rpm 需要”。思考：libxcb 和 libxcb-devel 的版本 已经是 1.8.1-1，应该不是哪个软件没装的原因了，难道是 ∵ libxcb-devel-1.8.1-1.el6.i686.rpm 正在使用 libxcb-1.8.1-1.el6.i686.rpm 而使得libxcb-1.8.1-1.el6.i686.rpm无法更新？(就像是一个进程独占一个文件的时候，其它进程无法操作该文件，一样的道理？) 于是就像尝试 libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm 和 libxcb-devel-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm 一起升级，于是有了尝试了这条语句"rpm -Uvh libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm libxcb-devel-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm"，一试果然OK。
于是，上面的14个软件的安装语句变成下面这样（注意，这里的U是大写的）：
rpm -Uvh libdrm-2.4.59-2.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm libxcb-devel-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh libdrm-devel-2.4.59-2.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh libX11-common-1.6.0-6.el6.noarch.rpm libX11-1.6.0-6.el6.i686.rpm libX11-devel-1.6.0-6.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh libXxf86vm-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh libXxf86vm-devel-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh libXdamage-devel-1.1.3-4.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh mesa-private-llvm-3.4-3.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh mesa-dri-drivers-10.4.3-1.el6.i686.rpm mesa-libGL-10.4.3-1.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686.rpm
这样，libGL-devel 顺利的手动安装好了：
[root@CentOS6 packages]# rpm -qa|grep libGL-devel
mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686
[root@CentOS6 packages]#
ZC：感觉到 "rpm -Uvh ???" 不仅可以升级软件，还可以安装软件。
C
