爬虫dht

DHT是什么

• DHT全称叫分布式哈希表(Distributed Hash Table)，是一种分布式存储方法。在不需要服务器的情况下，每个客户端负责一个小范围的路由，并负责存储一小部分数据，从而实现整个DHT网络的寻址和存储。
• 各种博客已经有很多关于DHT介绍，这里就不详细列举了

加入DHT网络可以做什么

1. 老司机开车(神秘代码)
2. P2P资源共享

DHT网络的其中一种协议实现(Kademlia)

• 要加入一个DHT网络，需要首先知道这个网络中的任意一个节点。如何获得这个节点？在一些开源的P2P软件中，会提供一些节点地址
• 主要协议

1. ping(用于确定某个节点是否在线。这个请求主要用于辅助路由表的更新)
2. find_node(用于查找某个节点，以获得其地址信息。)
3. get_peer(通过资源的infohash获得资源对应的peer列表。)
4. announce_peer(通知其他节点自己开始下载某个资源,announce_peer中会携带get_peer回应消息里的token。)

DHT爬虫的工作原理

1. 通过其他节点的announce_peer发来的infohash确认网络中有某个资源可被下载
2. 通过从网络中获取这个资源的种子文件，来获得该资源的描述
3. 不停的认识新节点,让远程节点保存自身到远程的路由表中

爬虫做的工作

1. BOOTSTRAP过程,加入DHT网络(主动认识DHT网络的其中一个节点)
2. 加入进DHT网络后。远端节点会主动告诉我们它认识哪些节点
3. 认识远端节点认识的节点
4. 当远端成功保存自身节点到远端路由表中的时候，目的达成
5. 等待远端的announce_peer消息
6. 成功获取远端的下载hash
7. 开车！(雾

使用Python实现的爬虫:

# coding: utf-8

import socket
from hashlib import sha1
from random import randint
from struct import unpack, pack
from socket import inet_aton, inet_ntoa
from bisect import bisect_left
from threading import Timer
# from time import sleep

from bencode import bencode, bdecode

BOOTSTRAP_NODES = [
    ("router.bittorrent.com", 6881),
    ("dht.transmissionbt.com", 6881),
    ("router.utorrent.com", 6881)
] 
TID_LENGTH = 4
KRPC_TIMEOUT = 10
REBORN_TIME = 5 * 60
K = 8

def entropy(bytes):
    s = ""
    for i in range(bytes):
        s += chr(randint(0, 255))
    return s

    # """把爬虫"伪装"成正常node, 一个正常的node有ip, port, node ID三个属性, 因为是基于UDP协议,     
    # 所以向对方发送信息时, 即使没"明确"说明自己的ip和port时, 对方自然会知道你的ip和port,     
    # 反之亦然. 那么我们自身node就只需要生成一个node ID就行, 协议里说到node ID用sha1算法生成,     
    # sha1算法生成的值是长度是20 byte, 也就是20 * 8 = 160 bit, 正好如DHT协议里说的那范围: 0 至 2的160次方,     
    # 也就是总共能生成1461501637330902918203684832716283019655932542976个独一无二的node.     
    # ok, 由于sha1总是生成20 byte的值, 所以哪怕你写SHA1(20)或SHA1(19)或SHA1("I am a 2B")都可以,     
    # 只要保证大大降低与别人重复几率就行. 注意, node ID非十六进制,     
    # 也就是说非FF5C85FE1FDB933503999F9EB2EF59E4B0F51ECA这个样子, 即非hash.hexdigest(). """
def random_id():
    hash = sha1()
    hash.update( entropy(20) )
    return hash.digest()

def decode_nodes(nodes):
    n = []
    length = len(nodes)
    if (length % 26) != 0: 
        return n
    for i in range(0, length, 26):
        nid = nodes[i:i+20]
        ip = inet_ntoa(nodes[i+20:i+24])
        port = unpack("!H", nodes[i+24:i+26])[0]
        n.append( (nid, ip, port) )
    return n

def encode_nodes(nodes):
    strings = []
    for node in nodes:
        s = "%s%s%s" % (node.nid, inet_aton(node.ip), pack("!H", node.port))
        strings.append(s)

    return "".join(strings)

def intify(hstr):
    #"""这是一个小工具, 把一个node ID转换为数字. 后面会频繁用到.""" 
    return long(hstr.encode('hex'), 16) #先转换成16进制, 再变成数字

def timer(t, f):
    Timer(t, f).start()


class BucketFull(Exception):
    pass


class KRPC(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.types = {
            "r": self.response_received,
            "q": self.query_received
        }
        self.actions = {
            "ping": self.ping_received,
            "find_node": self.find_node_received,
            "get_peers": self.get_peers_received,
            "announce_peer": self.announce_peer_received,
        }

        self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
        self.socket.bind(("0.0.0.0", self.port))

    def find_node_handler(self,msg):
        pass

    def response_received(self, msg, address):
        self.find_node_handler(msg)

    def query_received(self, msg, address):
        try:
            self.actions[msg["q"]](msg, address)
        except KeyError:
            pass

    def send_krpc(self, msg, address):
        try:
            self.socket.sendto(bencode(msg), address)
        except:
            pass


class Client(KRPC):
    def __init__(self, table):
        self.table = table

        timer(KRPC_TIMEOUT, self.timeout)
        timer(REBORN_TIME, self.reborn)
        KRPC.__init__(self)

    def find_node(self, address, nid=None):
        print "find node:",address
        nid = self.get_neighbor(nid) if nid else self.table.nid
        tid = entropy(TID_LENGTH)
        
        msg = {
            "t": tid,
            "y": "q",
            "q": "find_node",
            "a": {"id": nid, "target": random_id()}
        }
        self.send_krpc(msg, address)

    def find_node_handler(self, msg):
        try:
            nodes = decode_nodes(msg["r"]["nodes"])
            for node in nodes:
                (nid, ip, port) = node
                if len(nid) != 20: continue
                if nid == self.table.nid: continue
                self.find_node( (ip, port), nid )
        except KeyError:
            pass

    def joinDHT(self):
        for address in BOOTSTRAP_NODES: 
            self.find_node(address)

    def timeout(self):
        if len( self.table.buckets ) < 2:
            self.joinDHT()
        timer(KRPC_TIMEOUT, self.timeout)

    def reborn(self):
        self.table.nid = random_id()
        self.table.buckets = [ KBucket(0, 2**160) ]
        timer(REBORN_TIME, self.reborn)

    def start(self):
        self.joinDHT()

        while True:
            try:
                (data, address) = self.socket.recvfrom(65536)
                msg = bdecode(data)
                self.types[msg["y"]](msg, address)
            except Exception:
                pass

    def get_neighbor(self, target):
        return target[:10]+random_id()[10:]


class Server(Client):
    def __init__(self, master, table, port):
        self.table = table
        self.master = master
        self.port = port
        Client.__init__(self, table)

    def ping_received(self, msg, address):
        try:
            nid = msg["a"]["id"]
            msg = {
                "t": msg["t"],
                "y": "r",
                "r": {"id": self.get_neighbor(nid)}
            }
            self.send_krpc(msg, address)
            self.find_node(address, nid)
        except KeyError:
            pass

    def find_node_received(self, msg, address):
        try:
            target = msg["a"]["target"]
            neighbors = self.table.get_neighbors(target)
            
            nid = msg["a"]["id"]
            msg = {
                "t": msg["t"],
                "y": "r",
                "r": {
                    "id": self.get_neighbor(target), 
                    "nodes": encode_nodes(neighbors)
                }
            }
            self.table.append(KNode(nid, *address))
            self.send_krpc(msg, address)
            self.find_node(address, nid)
        except KeyError:
            pass

    def get_peers_received(self, msg, address):
        try:
            infohash = msg["a"]["info_hash"]

            neighbors = self.table.get_neighbors(infohash)

            nid = msg["a"]["id"]
            msg = {
                "t": msg["t"],
                "y": "r",
                "r": {
                    "id": self.get_neighbor(infohash), 
                    "nodes": encode_nodes(neighbors)
                }
            }
            self.table.append(KNode(nid, *address))
            self.send_krpc(msg, address)
            self.master.log(infohash)
            self.find_node(address, nid)
        except KeyError:
            pass

    def announce_peer_received(self, msg, address):
        try:
            infohash = msg["a"]["info_hash"]
            nid = msg["a"]["id"]

            msg = { 
                "t": msg["t"],
                "y": "r",
                "r": {"id": self.get_neighbor(infohash)}
            }

            self.table.append(KNode(nid, *address))
            self.send_krpc(msg, address)
            self.master.log(infohash)
            self.find_node(address, nid)
        except KeyError:
            pass
# 该类只实例化一次. 
class KTable(object):
    # 这里的nid就是通过node_id()函数生成的自身node ID. 协议里说道, 每个路由表至少有一个bucket,     
 #  还规定第一个bucket的min=0, max=2^160次方, 所以这里就给予了一个buckets属性来存储bucket, 这个是列表.
    def __init__(self, nid):
        self.nid = nid
        self.buckets = [ KBucket(0, 2**160) ]

    def append(self, node):
        index = self.bucket_index(node.nid)
        try:
            bucket = self.buckets[index]
            bucket.append(node)
        except IndexError:
            return
        except BucketFull:
            if not bucket.in_range(self.nid): 
                return
            self.split_bucket(index)
            self.append(node)


        # 返回与目标node ID或infohash的最近K个node.    
 
        # 定位出与目标node ID或infohash所在的bucket, 如果该bucuck有K个节点, 返回.     
        # 如果不够到K个节点的话, 把该bucket前面的bucket和该bucket后面的bucket加起来, 只返回前K个节点.    
        # 还是不到K个话, 再重复这个动作. 要注意不要超出最小和最大索引范围.    
        # 总之, 不管你用什么算法, 想尽办法找出最近的K个节点.    
    def get_neighbors(self, target):
        nodes = []
        if len(self.buckets) == 0: return nodes
        if len(target) != 20 : return nodes

        index = self.bucket_index(target)
        try:
            nodes = self.buckets[index].nodes
            min = index - 1
            max = index + 1

            while len(nodes) < K and ((min >= 0) or (max < len(self.buckets))):
                if min >= 0:
                    nodes.extend(self.buckets[min].nodes)

                if max < len(self.buckets):
                    nodes.extend(self.buckets[max].nodes)

                min -= 1
                max += 1

            num = intify(target)
            nodes.sort(lambda a, b, num=num: cmp(num^intify(a.nid), num^intify(b.nid)))
            return nodes[:K] #K是个常量, K=8 
        except IndexError:
            return nodes

    def bucket_index(self, target):
        return bisect_left(self.buckets, intify(target))


        # 拆表    
 
        # index是待拆分的bucket(old bucket)的所在索引值.     
        # 假设这个old bucket的min:0, max:16. 拆分该old bucket的话, 分界点是8, 然后把old bucket的max改为8, min还是0.     
        # 创建一个新的bucket, new bucket的min=8, max=16.    
        # 然后根据的old bucket中的各个node的nid, 看看是属于哪个bucket的范围里, 就装到对应的bucket里.     
        # 各回各家,各找各妈.    
        # new bucket的所在索引值就在old bucket后面, 即index+1, 把新的bucket插入到路由表里. 
    def split_bucket(self, index):
        old = self.buckets[index]
        point = old.max - (old.max - old.min)/2
        new = KBucket(point, old.max)
        old.max = point
        self.buckets.insert(index + 1, new)
        for node in old.nodes[:]:
            if new.in_range(node.nid):
                new.append(node)
                old.remove(node)

    def __iter__(self):
        for bucket in self.buckets:
            yield bucket


class KBucket(object):
    __slots__ = ("min", "max", "nodes")

    # min和max就是该bucket负责的范围, 比如该bucket的min:0, max:16的话,     
    # 那么存储的node的intify(nid)值均为: 0到15, 那16就不负责, 这16将会是该bucket后面的bucket的min值.     
    # nodes属性就是个列表, 存储node. last_accessed代表最后访问时间, 因为协议里说到,     
    # 当该bucket负责的node有请求, 回应操作; 删除node; 添加node; 更新node; 等这些操作时,     
    # 那么就要更新该bucket, 所以设置个last_accessed属性, 该属性标志着这个bucket的"新鲜程度". 用linux话来说, touch一下.    
    # 这个用来便于后面说的定时刷新路由表.    

    def __init__(self, min, max):
        self.min = min
        self.max = max
        self.nodes = []


    # 添加node, 参数node是KNode实例.    

    # 如果新插入的node的nid属性长度不等于20, 终止.    
    # 如果满了, 抛出bucket已满的错误, 终止. 通知上层代码进行拆表.    
    # 如果未满, 先看看新插入的node是否已存在, 如果存在, 就替换掉, 不存在, 就添加,    
    # 添加/替换时, 更新该bucket的"新鲜程度".    
    def append(self, node):
        if node in self:
            self.remove(node)
            self.nodes.append(node)
        else:
            if len(self) < K:
                self.nodes.append(node)
            else:
                raise BucketFull

    def remove(self, node):
        self.nodes.remove(node)

    def in_range(self, target):
        return self.min <= intify(target) < self.max

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.nodes)

    def __contains__(self, node):
        return node in self.nodes

    def __iter__(self):
        for node in self.nodes:
            yield node

    def __lt__(self, target):
        return self.max <= target


class KNode(object):
     # """    
    #        nid就是node ID的简写, 就不取id这么模糊的变量名了. __init__方法相当于别的OOP语言中的构造方法,     
    #        在python严格来说不是构造方法, 它是初始化, 不过, 功能差不多就行.    
    #        """ 
    __slots__ = ("nid", "ip", "port")
    
    def __init__(self, nid, ip, port):
        self.nid = nid
        self.ip = ip
        self.port = port

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.nid == other.nid



#using example
class Master(object):
    def __init__(self, f):
        self.f = f
        self.hashArr = []

    def log(self, infohash):
        nhash = infohash.encode("hex")
        if nhash not in self.hashArr:
            self.hashArr.append(nhash)
            self.f.write(+"\n")
            self.f.flush()
try:
    print "start DHT Spider"
    f = file("hash.txt","a+")
    m = Master(f)
    s = Server(Master(f), KTable(random_id()), 6881)
    s.start()    
except KeyboardInterrupt:
    s.socket.close()
    f.close()