输入自动提示与补全功能的设计与实现


 

      工程示例下载地址: http://download.csdn.net/download/shuqin1984/6913555
      包含一个简短而完整的Web示例, 演示如何根据用户输入的字符进行自动提示和补全。

        一、  场景与目标

       在使用 IDE 开发软件时, IDE 会提供一种“智能提示”, 根据所输入的字符列出可能的词组; 在日常Web开发中,根据用户输入进行自动提示和补全,也能很好地改善使用体验。本文实现输入自动提示与补全功能。 

       输入自动补全功能实际上是“前缀匹配问题”, 即给定一个前缀以及一个单词列表, 找出所有包含该前缀的单词。
 
       本文实现的功能是: 根据用户输入的关键字, 给出与之匹配的 Java 关键字。

       二、 算法与设计
       最简单直观的方案莫过于直接遍历单词列表, 检测每个单词是否包含前缀, 并返回。这样做的缺点是, 每次都要遍历单词列表, 效率非常低下。 一个更好的思路是, 先构建一个前缀匹配映射 Map<Prefix, List<Matcher>>, key 是每一个单词中所包含的前缀, value 是包含该 key 的所有单词列表。 那么, 问题就转化为给定一个单词列表 list<Word>, 将其转换为 Map<Prefix, List<Matcher>> , 这里 Word, Prefix, Matcher 均为 String 类型。

      一种思路是, 遍历每一个单词包含的每一个前缀, 找出所有包含该前缀的单词。
      for word in words
            for prefix in word(0,i)
                  for word in words
                        if (word.startWith(prefix)) {
                                result.put(prefix, result.get(prefix).add(word));
                        } 
      显然, 其效率是 O(总前缀数*总单词数), 在单词列表比较大的情况下, 其效率是比较低的。 要想避免这种嵌套遍历, 就必须充分利用每一次遍历,获取充分的信息。

      另一种思路是, 先找出每个单词中所包含的前缀匹配对, 再将这些前缀匹配对合并为最终的前缀匹配映射。 类似 Map - Reduce  方式。
      for word in words
            for prefix in word(0,i)
                  pairs.add(new Pair(prefix, word))
     mergePairs(pairs)
     其效率是O(总的前缀数)。
     
     三、 代码设计与实现
     下面给出代码设计与实现。 注意到, 这是通过多次小步重构达到的结果, 而不是一次性实现。 具体是, 先写出一个最简单的实现, 可以把应用跑起来; 然后, 思考更有效率的实现, 最后进行了抽象。 
     1.  定义接口
package autocomplete;

import java.util.Set;

public interface PrefixMatcher {

    Set<String> obtainMatchedWords(String inputText);
}
     2.  定义抽象类    
 1 package autocomplete;
 2 
 3 import java.util.Collections;
 4 import java.util.HashMap;
 5 import java.util.HashSet;
 6 import java.util.Map;
 7 import java.util.Set;
 8 
 9 public abstract class AbstractPrefixMatcher implements PrefixMatcher {
10     
11     protected final String[] javaKeywords = new String[] {
12         "abstract", "assert", 
13         "boolean", "break",    "byte", 
14         "case", "catch", "char", "class", "const",    "continue",
15         "default",    "do", "double",
16         "else", "enum",    "extends",    
17         "final", "finally",    "float", "for",    
18         "goto",    
19         "if", "implements",    "import", "instanceof", "int",  "interface",    
20         "long",    
21         "native", "new",    
22         "package",    "private",    "protected",  "public",
23         "return",  
24         "strictfp",    "short", "static", "super",    "switch",  "synchronized", 
25         "this",    "throw", "throws", "transient", "try",    
26         "void",    "volatile",    
27         "while"
28     };
29     
30     protected Map<String, Set<String>> prefixMatchers = new HashMap<String, Set<String>>();
31 
32     abstract void dynamicAddNew(String inputText);
33     
34     public Set<String> obtainMatchedWords(String inputText) {
35         Set<String> matchers = prefixMatchers.get(inputText);
36         if (matchers == null) {
37             Set<String> input = new HashSet<String>();
38             input.add(inputText);
39             dynamicAddNew(inputText);
40             return input;
41         }
42         return matchers;
43     }
44     
45     protected Map<String, Set<String>> obtainPrefixMatchers() {
46         return Collections.unmodifiableMap(prefixMatchers);
47     }
48 
49 }
       3.  简单的实现
package autocomplete;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

public class SimpleWordMatcher extends AbstractPrefixMatcher {
    
    public SimpleWordMatcher() {
        prefixMatchers = buildPrefixMatchers(javaKeywords);
    }
    
    /**
     * 将输入的单词组转化为前缀匹配的映射
     * @param keywords
     * @return
     * 
     * eg. {"abc", "acd", "bcd"} ===>
     * {"a": ["abc", "acd"], "ab": ["abc"], "abc": ["abc"], 
     *  "ac": ["acd"], "acd": ["acd"],  "b": ["bcd"], "bc": ["bcd"], "bcd": ["bcd"]
     * }
     */
    public Map<String, Set<String>> buildPrefixMatchers(String[] keywords) {
        HashMap<String, Set<String>> prefixMatchers = new HashMap<String, Set<String>>();
        
        for (String keyword: keywords) {
            int wordLen = keyword.length();
            for (int i=1; i < wordLen; i++) {
                String prefix = keyword.substring(0, i);
                for (String keyword2: javaKeywords) {
                    if (keyword2.startsWith(prefix)) {
                        Set<String> matchers = prefixMatchers.get(prefix);
                        if (matchers == null) {
                            matchers = new HashSet<String>();
                        }
                        matchers.add(keyword2);
                        prefixMatchers.put(prefix, matchers);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return prefixMatchers;
    }
    
    
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SimpleWordMatcher wordMatcher = new SimpleWordMatcher();
        MapUtil.printMap(wordMatcher.obtainPrefixMatchers());
        String[] prefixes = new String[] {"a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "i",
                "l", "n", "p", "r", "s", "t", "v", "w", "do", "finally"};
        for (String prefix: prefixes) {
            System.out.println(wordMatcher.obtainMatchedWords(prefix));
        }
    }

    @Override
    void dynamicAddNew(String inputText) {
    }
    
}

 

        4.  性能更好的实现     
package autocomplete;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

public class EffectiveWordMatcher extends AbstractPrefixMatcher {

    public EffectiveWordMatcher() {
        prefixMatchers = buildPrefixMatchers(javaKeywords);
    }
    
    static class Pair {
        private String key;
        private String value;
        public Pair(String key, String value) {
            this.key = key;
            this.value = value;
        }
        public String getKey() {
            return key;
        }
        public String getValue() {
            return value;
        }
        public String toString() {
            return "<" + key + "," + value + ">";
        }
    }
    
    private Map<String, Set<String>> buildPrefixMatchers(String[] javakeywords) {
        List<Pair> pairs = strarr2pairs(javakeywords);
        return mergePairs(pairs);
    } 
    
    /*
     * 将 字符串数组转化为前缀匹配对
     * eg. ["ab", "ac"] ===>
     *     [<"a","ab">, <"ab", "ab">, <"a", "ac">, <"ac", "ac">]
     */
    private List<Pair> strarr2pairs(String[] javakeywords) {
        List<Pair> pairs = new ArrayList<Pair>();
        for (String keyword: javakeywords) {
            int wordLen = keyword.length();
            for (int i=1; i < wordLen; i++) {
                String prefix = keyword.substring(0, i);
                Pair pair = new Pair(prefix, keyword);
                pairs.add(pair);
            } 
        }
        return pairs;
    }
    
    /*
     * 将多个 <key,value> 合并为一个映射
     * eg. [<"a", "abstract">, <"b", "boolean">, <"a", "assert">, <"b", "break">, <"c", "continue">] ===>
     *     {"a"=>["abstract", "assert", "b"=>["boolean", "break"], "c"=>["continue"]}
     */
    private static Map<String, Set<String>> mergePairs(List<Pair> pairs) {
        Map<String, Set<String>> result = new HashMap<String, Set<String>>();
        if (pairs != null && pairs.size() > 0) {
            for (Pair pair: pairs) {
                String key = pair.getKey();
                String value = pair.getValue();
                Set<String> matchers = result.get(key);
                if (matchers == null) {
                    matchers = new HashSet<String>();
                }
                matchers.add(value);
                result.put(key, matchers);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    void dynamicAddNew(String inputText) {
        if (checkValid(inputText)) {
            List<Pair> newpairs = strarr2pairs(new String[] {inputText});
            Map<String, Set<String>> newPreixMatchers = mergePairs(newpairs);
            mergeMap(newPreixMatchers, prefixMatchers);
        }
    }
    
    private boolean checkValid(String inputText) {
        return false;
    }

    private Map<String, Set<String>> mergeMap(Map<String, Set<String>> src, Map<String, Set<String>> dest) {
        Set<Map.Entry<String, Set<String>>> mapEntries = src.entrySet();
        Iterator<Map.Entry<String, Set<String>>> iter = mapEntries.iterator();
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            Map.Entry<String, Set<String>> entry = iter.next();
            String key = entry.getKey();
            Set<String> newMatchers = entry.getValue();
            if (dest.containsKey(key)) {
                dest.get(key).addAll(newMatchers);
            }
            else {
                dest.put(key, newMatchers);
            }
        }
        return dest;
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        EffectiveWordMatcher wordMatcher = new EffectiveWordMatcher();
        MapUtil.printMap(wordMatcher.obtainPrefixMatchers());
        String[] prefixes = new String[] {"a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "i",
                "l", "n", "p", "r", "s", "t", "v", "w", "do", "finally"};
        for (String prefix: prefixes) {
            System.out.println(wordMatcher.obtainMatchedWords(prefix));
        }
    }

}

 

     5.   Servlet 使用
package servlets;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Set;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import autocomplete.EffectiveWordMatcher;
import autocomplete.PrefixMatcher;

public class AutoCompleteServlet extends HttpServlet {
    
    protected PrefixMatcher wordMatcher = new EffectiveWordMatcher();
    
    public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        doPost(req, resp); 
    }
    
    public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        resp.setContentType("text/plain;charset=UTF8");
        String inputText = req.getParameter("inputText");
        Set<String> matchers = wordMatcher.obtainMatchedWords(inputText);
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (String m: matchers) {
            sb.append(m);
            sb.append(' ');
        }
        sb.deleteCharAt(sb.length()-1);
        resp.getWriter().print(sb.toString());
    }

}

 

        6.  前端交互  
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>输入自动补全功能演示</title>
<script type="text/javascript" src="jquery-1.10.2.min.js"></script>
<script>

    $(document).ready(function() {
         var searchMatchers = function(keycode) {
                var inputText = $('#inputText').val();
                $.ajax(
                 {
                        url: 'servlets/AutoCompleteServlet',
                        data: { 'inputText': inputText },
                        dataType: 'text',
                        timeout: 10000,
                        success: function(data) {
                           if (keycode == 13) {  // Enter
                                $('#inputText').val($('#matchedKeywords').val());
                                $('#resultRegion').empty();
                               return ;
                          }
                           if (keycode == 38 || keycode == 40) {  // 上下箭头
                                $('#matchedKeywords').trigger('focus');
                                return ;
                           }
                            $('#resultRegion').empty();
                            var matchers = data.split(' ');
                            if (matchers.length > 0 && inputText != '') {
                                $('#resultRegion').append('<select id="matchedKeywords"></select>')
                                $('#matchedKeywords').append('<option value="' + '' + '">' + '' + '</option>');
                                for (i=0; i<matchers.length; i++) {
                                    var keyword = matchers[i];
                                    $('#matchedKeywords').append('<option value="' + keyword + '">' + keyword + '</option>');
                                }
                                $('#matchedKeywords').attr('size', matchers.length+1);
                                $('#matchedKeywords').height(20*(matchers.length+1));
                                $('#matchedKeywords').click(function() {
                                    $('#inputText').val($('#matchedKeywords').val());
                                    $('#resultRegion').empty();
                                });
                            }
                        }
                 }
                );
         }
         
            $(this).bind("keyup", function(eventObj) {
                var keycode = eventObj.which;
                searchMatchers(keycode);
            });
    });

     
</script>
<style type="text/css">
  
     #main {
        margin: 15% 20% 0% 25%;
     }
     
     #inputText {
         width: 450px;
         height: 30px;
     }
     
     #matchedKeywords {
        width: 450px;
        height: 25px;
     }
     
     #resultRegion {
        text-align: left;
        margin: 0 0 0 128px;
     }
     
</style>
</head>
<body>
     <center>
         <div id="main">
              <h3> 输入自动补全功能演示,请输入Java关键字: </h3>
              <input type="text" name="inputText" id="inputText" value=""/><br/>
              <div id="resultRegion"></div>
         </div>
     </center>
</body>
</html>

 

         四、 效果图
         
         五、 小结
         在 EffectiveWordMatcher 中还可以支持根据用户输入动态添加关键字的功能, 但由于涉及到并发问题, 暂时没有做更多深入。 读者可以阅读源码自行完善, 我也会给出后续思考。

 
posted @ 2014-02-11 17:46  琴水玉  阅读(11285)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报