Detailed Steps to Break Up the In-place Cement
Breaking and Entering
Breaking up the in-place cement is the first step to excavating and removing it. This task is usually performed by hydraulic hammer attachments on standard earthmoving equipment, as well as by the smaller, manually operated jackhammers. Both machines direct their applied cyclical forces to a hardened metal point that concentrates the force into a small area to increase applied pressures. Hydraulic hammers use rapid impact cycles and the resulting vibrations to break through the cement.
Hydraulic hammers should be properly matched to the equipment they are mounted on. A heavy hydraulic hammer mounted on a very long excavation arm or boom needs to be matched with a proportionally heavy vehicle chassis. Mismatched hammers and vehicles can lead to unsafe and unstable operating conditions. Hydraulic capacity and fluid requirements are also an important concern. Though most hydraulic systems running the hammers operate with pressures of 2,000 psi, the amount of working fluid can vary greatly. Small hammers require as little as 5 gallons per minute, while heavy hammers must be supplied with 100 gallons per minute. Add-on hydraulic power units can be used to increase the flow rate.
In addition to hammers, crushers are used to break up cement. These applied breaking force to the cement via a set of jaw clamps. The paired jaws consist of a movable front jaw and a static back jaw. Mounted on the end of an excavator arm, crushers literally bite through the cement and are most useful for breaking flat cement structures (pavements, decking, slabs, and walls) as well as support structures (pillars, culverts, columns, and beams) small enough to fit in the jaws. One significant advantage of crushers is that their crushing action efficiently separates steel reinforcement from the surrounding cement.
Ripper attachments on dozers can also be useful in breaking up cement pavements and slabs. There are several types of rippers: parallelogram or radial, hydraulically variable pitch or fixed or adjustable, single or multi-shank—and combinations thereof. Parallelogram rippers are relatively straight like a knife, while radial rippers are curved like a claw. Both end in a reinforced steel tip that is the business end of the ripper. The breakout or pry-out force (measured in pounds) applied at this tip is the maximum upward force generated by the lift cylinders. Conversely, the penetration force (also measured in pounds) is the downward force generated by the lift cylinders sufficient to raise the back end of the equipment off the ground and drive the tip into the surface. Depending on the size of the ripper, its digging depth can vary from 12 inches to over 7 feet. For the most part, rippers are used to attack pavements and slabs less than 12 inches in thickness having minimal steel reinforcement.
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