LINUX内核分析第三周学习总结——构造一个简单的Linux系统MenuOS

LINUX内核分析第三周学习总结——构造一个简单的Linux系统MenuOS

张忻（原创作品转载请注明出处）

《Linux内核分析》MOOC课程http://mooc.study.163.com/course/USTC-1000029000

一、使用gdb跟踪调试内核从start_kernel到init进程启动

使用实验楼的虚拟机打开shell

cd LinuxKernel/
qemu -kernel linux-3.18.6/arch/x86/boot/bzImage -initrd rootfs.img

内核启动完成后进入menu程序,支持三个命令help、version和quit。

qemu -kernel linux-3.18.6/arch/x86/boot/bzImage -initrd rootfs.img -s -S # 关于-s和-S选项的说明：
 -S freeze CPU at startup (use ’c’ to start execution)
 -s shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234 若不想使用1234端口，则可以使用-gdb tcp:xxxx来取代-s选项

现在系统是stop的状态，如下图：

按c后系统开始运行，启动到start_cernel的位置，如下：

list之后看到执行的位置

再设一个断点，系统执行到rest_init的位置，如下：

二、详细分析从start_kernel到init进程启动的过程

start_kernel函数的执行过程

代码在init目录下的main.c

 

500asmlinkage __visible void __init start_kernel(void)
501{
502    char *command_line;
503    char *after_dashes;
504
505    /*
506     * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the
507     * lockdep hash:
508     */
509    lockdep_init();
510    set_task_stack_end_magic(&init_task);     init_task即手工创建的PCB，0号进程即最终的idle进程。
511    smp_setup_processor_id();
512    debug_objects_early_init();
513
514    /*
515     * Set up the the initial canary ASAP:
516     */
517    boot_init_stack_canary();
518
519    cgroup_init_early();
520
521    local_irq_disable();
522    early_boot_irqs_disabled = true;
523
524/*
525 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
526 * enable them
527 */
528    boot_cpu_init();
529    page_address_init();
530    pr_notice("%s", linux_banner);
531    setup_arch(&command_line);
532    mm_init_cpumask(&init_mm);
533    setup_command_line(command_line);
534    setup_nr_cpu_ids();
535    setup_per_cpu_areas();
536    smp_prepare_boot_cpu();    /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
537
538    build_all_zonelists(NULL, NULL);
539    page_alloc_init();
540
541    pr_notice("Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
542    parse_early_param();
543    after_dashes = parse_args("Booting kernel",
544                  static_command_line, __start___param,
545                  __stop___param - __start___param,
546                  -1, -1, &unknown_bootoption);
547    if (!IS_ERR_OR_NULL(after_dashes))
548        parse_args("Setting init args", after_dashes, NULL, 0, -1, -1,
549               set_init_arg);
550
551    jump_label_init();
552
553    /*
554     * These use large bootmem allocations and must precede
555     * kmem_cache_init()
556     */
557    setup_log_buf(0);
558    pidhash_init();
559    vfs_caches_init_early();
560    sort_main_extable();
561    trap_init();   涉及到中断的初始化
562    mm_init();
563
564    /*
565     * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
566     * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
567     * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
568     */
569    sched_init();
570    /*
571     * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
572     * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
573     */
574    preempt_disable();
575    if (WARN(!irqs_disabled(),
576         "Interrupts were enabled *very* early, fixing it\n"))
577        local_irq_disable();
578    idr_init_cache();
579    rcu_init();
580    context_tracking_init();
581    radix_tree_init();
582    /* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */
583    early_irq_init();
584    init_IRQ();
585    tick_init();
586    rcu_init_nohz();
587    init_timers();
588    hrtimers_init();
589    softirq_init();
590    timekeeping_init();
591    time_init();
592    sched_clock_postinit();
593    perf_event_init();
594    profile_init();
595    call_function_init();
596    WARN(!irqs_disabled(), "Interrupts were enabled early\n");
597    early_boot_irqs_disabled = false;
598    local_irq_enable();
599
600    kmem_cache_init_late();
601
602    /*
603     * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
604     * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
605     * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
606     */
607    console_init();
608    if (panic_later)
609        panic("Too many boot %s vars at `%s'", panic_later,
610              panic_param);
611
612    lockdep_info();
613
614    /*
615     * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
616     * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
617     * too:
618     */
619    locking_selftest();
620
621#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
622    if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
623        page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
624        pr_crit("initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - disabling it.\n",
625            page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),
626            min_low_pfn);
627        initrd_start = 0;
628    }
629#endif
630    page_cgroup_init();
631    debug_objects_mem_init();
632    kmemleak_init();
633    setup_per_cpu_pageset();
634    numa_policy_init();
635    if (late_time_init)
636        late_time_init();
637    sched_clock_init();
638    calibrate_delay();
639    pidmap_init();
640    anon_vma_init();
641    acpi_early_init();
642#ifdef CONFIG_X86
643    if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES))
644        efi_enter_virtual_mode();
645#endif
646#ifdef CONFIG_X86_ESPFIX64
647    /* Should be run before the first non-init thread is created */
648    init_espfix_bsp();
649#endif
650    thread_info_cache_init();
651    cred_init();
652    fork_init(totalram_pages);
653    proc_caches_init();
654    buffer_init();
655    key_init();
656    security_init();
657    dbg_late_init();
658    vfs_caches_init(totalram_pages);
659    signals_init();
660    /* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
661    page_writeback_init();
662    proc_root_init();
663    cgroup_init();
664    cpuset_init();
665    taskstats_init_early();
666    delayacct_init();
667
668    check_bugs();
669
670    sfi_init_late();
671
672    if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES)) {
673        efi_late_init();
674        efi_free_boot_services();
675    }
676
677    ftrace_init();
678
679    /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
680    rest_init();
681}

 

不管分析内核的哪一部分都会涉及到start_cernel。

（1）561 trap_init();

涉及到中断的初始化

只需查看 /linux-3.18.6/arch/x86/kernel/

其中设置了很多中断门。

设置系统陷阱门：

839    set_system_trap_gate(SYSCALL_VECTOR, &system_call);
840    set_bit(SYSCALL_VECTOR, used_vectors);

（2）562 mm_init();

系统管理模块；

（3）569 sched_init();

调度模块；

（4）680 rest_init();

 403 kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS);

kernel_init里：

944    if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
945        ret = run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command);
946        if (!ret)
947            return 0;
948        pr_err("Failed to execute %s (error %d)\n",
949               ramdisk_execute_command, ret);
950    }

以上创建用户态的一号进程

 405 pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);

以上创建内核线程

417    /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
418    cpu_startup_entry(CPUHP_ONLINE);

418行函数 具体代码为：

256void cpu_startup_entry(enum cpuhp_state state)
257{
258    /*
259     * This #ifdef needs to die, but it's too late in the cycle to
260     * make this generic (arm and sh have never invoked the canary
261     * init for the non boot cpus!). Will be fixed in 3.11
262     */
263#ifdef CONFIG_X86
264    /*
265     * If we're the non-boot CPU, nothing set the stack canary up
266     * for us. The boot CPU already has it initialized but no harm
267     * in doing it again. This is a good place for updating it, as
268     * we wont ever return from this function (so the invalid
269     * canaries already on the stack wont ever trigger).
270     */
271    boot_init_stack_canary();
272#endif
273    arch_cpu_idle_prepare();
274    cpu_idle_loop();
275}
276

其中第274行函数代码实现0号进程

当系统没有进程需要执行时就调度到idle进程。

（5）回顾总结

start_kernel启动时，0号进程——rest_init()会一直存在。0号进程创建了1号进程kernel_init()。

三、总结

对“Linux系统启动过程”的理解。

task 0 的进程结构(task_struct init_task)由INIT_TASK宏静态定义。该结构体(init_task)在linux 启动时被设置为current_task。当初始化到rest_init函数中时，通过kernel_thread函数启动第一个内核线程 kernel_init。kernel_init再通过do_execve启动/sbin/init。这就是我们看到的init进程，进程号为1。初始化 的最后linux调用scheule()整个系统就运行起来了。