公共语言运行库(CLR)开发系列课程(2):Pinvoke 进阶 学习笔记
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上一章地址
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API版本
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具有字符串参数的API通常有两种版本
- GetWindowText
- GetWindowTextA
- GetWindowTextW
- GetWindowText
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缺省情况下CLR会自动寻找合适的匹配
- CharSet=Ansi时寻找A版本
- CharSet=Unicode寻找W版本
- CharSet=Auto和平台相关
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DLLImportAttribute(ExactSpelling=true)会关掉这种行为
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Ref/Out参数 (C#关键字)
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out=[Out]&
- C#:out int a
- IL:[Out] int &a
- C++:int *pa;
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ref=[In,Out]&
- C#:ref int a
- IL:[In,Out] int &a
- C++:int *pa;
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个人感觉 使用Ref/Out 参数P/Invoke CRL会对根据对应关键字添加对应IL特性 System.Runtime.InteropServices下面的InAttribute、OutAttribute
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引用类型和值类型
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非托管C/C++ 代码:struct A{int a;}
托管代码:struct A{int a;} class A{int a;} -
非托管C/C++代码 A A* A** A为值类型 A ref A IntPtr a A为引用类型 N/A A ref A
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自定义参数转换
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托管类型和非托管类型之间是一对多关系
- String
- char */wchar_t *
- char[N]/wchar_t[N] 固定长度的字符串
- BSTR, Ansi BSTR
- String
- MarshalAsAttribute(UnmanagedType)
- UnmanagedType 枚举指定对应非托管类型
- [MarshalAsAttribute(UnmanagedType.LPWSTR)] string A
- 非托管函数:void Func(wchar_t *)
- 托管函数:Public static extern void Func([MarshalAs(UnmanagdType.LPWSTR)] string);
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内存管理
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在数据转换中需要进行内存分配
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举例:
- C#调用Func(string) Marshal.StringToHGlobalAnsi("balabala")
- C#调用Func(ref string)
- C#调用string Func()
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CoTaskMemAlloc / CoTaskMemFree (分配/释放 内存) 内存交换才使用
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实例分析CreateProcess
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API原型
BOOL WINAPI CreateProcess( _In_opt_ LPCTSTR lpApplicationName, _Inout_opt_ LPTSTR lpCommandLine, _In_opt_ LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpProcessAttributes, _In_opt_ LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpThreadAttributes, _In_ BOOL bInheritHandles, _In_ DWORD dwCreationFlags, _In_opt_ LPVOID lpEnvironment, _In_opt_ LPCTSTR lpCurrentDirectory, _In_ LPSTARTUPINFO lpStartupInfo, _Out_ LPPROCESS_INFORMATION lpProcessInformation );
(opt 可选的输入参数)
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C#
Public static extern bool CreateProcess(
[In] string applicationName,
[In,Out] StringBuilder commandName,
[In] ref SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES processAttributes,
[In] ref SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES threadAttributes,
[In] bool inheritHandles,
[In] uint creationFlags,
[In] IntPtr lpEnvironment,
[In] string currentDirectory,
[In] ref STARTUP_INFO startupInfo,
[Out] out PROCESS_INFORMATION processInformation
);
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DLL生命周期
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Dll在第一次调用的时候自动加载,不会自动被释放,加载不到或者找不到函数就会抛出异常
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Dll不会自动被卸载,建议做法生命一个外部调用类 DLL会伴随外部调用类一起被清理卸载
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如果需要手段管理DLL生命周期,只能手动调用LoadLibrary/GetProcAddress
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逆向P/Invoke
非托管代码到托管代码这种叫逆向P/Invoke-
部分API接收函数指针作为参数
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EnumWindows(WNDENUMPROC IpEnumFunc,LPARAM lPararm)
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.NET 程序可以通过P/Invoke调用 EnumWindows API
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CLR能够将Delegate 转换为函数指针,EnumWindows 来回调这个函数指针
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[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] delegate bool EnumWindowProc(IntPtr hwnd, IntPtr lParam); EnumWindow(new EnumWindowProc(MyEnumWindow), IntPtr.Zero);
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DEMO
class Program { /// Return Type: BOOL->int ///hwnd: HWND->HWND__* ///lParam: LPARAM->LONG_PTR->int [UnmanagedFunctionPointerAttribute(CallingConvention.Winapi)] public delegate bool WNDENUMPROC(IntPtr hwnd, IntPtr lParam); class NativeMethods { [DllImport("User32.dll",CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Winapi)] public static extern int GetWindowText(IntPtr hwnd, StringBuilder text, int count); /// Return Type: BOOL->int ///lpEnumFunc: WNDENUMPROC ///lParam: LPARAM->LONG_PTR->int [DllImportAttribute("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "EnumWindows")] [return: MarshalAsAttribute(UnmanagedType.Bool)] public static extern bool EnumWindows(WNDENUMPROC lpEnumFunc, int lParam); } private static bool WNDENUMPROC_Callback(IntPtr hwnd, IntPtr lParam) { StringBuilder text = new StringBuilder(255); NativeMethods.GetWindowText(hwnd, text, 255); Console.WriteLine("窗口名:" + text + ",id=" + hwnd.ToInt32() + ",lParam=" + lParam); return true; } static void Main(string[] args) { WNDENUMPROC myWNDENUMPROC = new WNDENUMPROC(WNDENUMPROC_Callback); NativeMethods.EnumWindows(myWNDENUMPROC,22); Console.Read(); } }
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常见问题
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抛出DllNotFoundException
找不到DLL一般他会到当前目录去找 或者系统目录去找 DLL如果实在无法差错可以使用全路径+dll名不推荐最好是放相对路径
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抛出AccessViolationException
访问违规,一般是内存不可以读不可以写或者一起读一起写造成的,通常原因参数转换错误,类型不对应,长度问题。 -
抛出EntryPointNotFoundException
API方法入口找不到一般都是方法名写错或者调用协定不对 -
MDA报错StackImbalanceMDA
VS提示报错,参数错位调用协定不对 -
返回数据错误
参数是否正确,MarshalAs转换是否成功,开启非托管调试查看。
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进阶DEMO
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#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <Windows.h> /*自定义*/ typedef struct Mytype { int i; char *s; double d; struct Mytype *p; }Mytype; int TestInt(int a,int b) { return a + b; } void TestIntPtr(int *i) { *i = *i * -1; } char * TestCharPtr(char *a,char *b) { return strcat(a, b); } void TestStructPtr(Mytype *p) { p->i++; p->d++; } void TestPtrPtr(int **a,int length) { *a = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*length); memset(*a, 0, sizeof(int)* length); } void TestArray(int *a, int length) { for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) { a[i]++; } } void TestCallback(void(*pf)()) { pf(); } int TestCharWidth(char *s) { return strlen(s); }
文件名 Source.cppLIBRARY "PInvoke" EXPORTS TestInt TestIntPtr TestCharPtr TestStructPtr TestPtrPtr TestArray TestCallback TestCharWidth
文件名 Source.def - C#
class Program { [StructLayoutAttribute(LayoutKind.Sequential)] public struct Mytype { /// int public int i; /// char* [MarshalAsAttribute(UnmanagedType.LPStr)] public string s; /// double public double d; /// Mytype* public System.IntPtr p; } /// Return Type: void public delegate void Callback(); static void CallbackFunction() { Console.WriteLine("callback invoked"); } /// Return Type: int ///a: int ///b: int [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestInt", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)] public static extern int TestInt(int a, int b); /// Return Type: void ///i: int* [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestIntPtr", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)] public static extern void TestIntPtr(ref int i); /// Return Type: char* ///a: char* ///b: char* [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestCharPtr", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)] public static extern System.IntPtr TestCharPtr(System.IntPtr a, System.IntPtr b); /// Return Type: void ///p: Mytype* [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestStructPtr", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)] public static extern void TestStructPtr(ref Mytype p); /// Return Type: void ///a: int** ///length: int [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestPtrPtr", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)] public static extern void TestPtrPtr(ref System.IntPtr a, int length); /// Return Type: void ///a: int* ///length: int [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestArray", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)] public static extern void TestArray(int[] a, int length); /// Return Type: void ///pf: Anonymous_5afb5371_1680_4be9_99a9_ab5bd7ded029 [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestCallback", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl )] public static extern void TestCallback(Callback pf); /// Return Type: int ///s: char* [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestCharWidth", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)] public static extern int TestCharWidth( IntPtr s); static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("TestInt:" + TestInt(11, 2)); // TestIntPtr int i = 22; TestIntPtr(ref i); Console.WriteLine("TestIntPtr:" + i); // TestCharPtr IntPtr helloPtr = Marshal.StringToHGlobalAnsi("啊阿斯达斯的阿萨德+"); IntPtr worldPtr = Marshal.StringToHGlobalAnsi("+阿萨德阿萨德"); IntPtr helloWorldPtr = TestCharPtr(helloPtr, worldPtr); string helloWorld = Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(helloWorldPtr); Console.WriteLine("TestCharPtr:" + helloWorld); //helloPtr = Marshal.StringToHGlobalUni("啊阿斯蒂芬a"); //worldPtr = Marshal.StringToHGlobalUni("阿萨德阿萨德"); //helloWorldPtr = TestCharPtr(helloPtr, worldPtr); //helloWorld = Marshal.PtrToStringUni(helloWorldPtr); //Console.WriteLine("TestCharPtr01:" + helloWorld); // Marshal.FreeCoTaskMem() Marshal.FreeHGlobal(helloPtr); Marshal.FreeHGlobal(worldPtr); // Marshal.FreeHGlobal(helloWorldPtr); // 因为helloWorldPtr和helloPtr指向的是同一地址,所以再次释放会报错 // TestCharWidth string a = "a的"; IntPtr aPtr = Marshal.StringToHGlobalAnsi(a); // Ansi int len = TestCharWidth(aPtr); Console.WriteLine("TestCharWidth:" + len); a = Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(aPtr); Marshal.FreeHGlobal(aPtr); aPtr = Marshal.StringToHGlobalUni(a); // Unicode len = TestCharWidth(aPtr); // 值是1,strlen没有正确处理unicode,所以不要使用strlen测量unicode字符串的长度 Console.WriteLine("TestCharWidth:" + len); a = Marshal.PtrToStringUni(aPtr); Marshal.FreeHGlobal(aPtr); // TestStructPtr Mytype myType = new Mytype { i = 0, d = 1.1, s = a, p = IntPtr.Zero }; TestStructPtr(ref myType); Console.WriteLine("Mytype->i:" + myType.i); Console.WriteLine("Mytype->d:" + myType.d); // TestArray int[] array = new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }; TestArray(array, array.Length); for (int z = 0; z < array.Length; z++) { Console.WriteLine("array[{0}]" + array[z], z); } // TestCallback TestCallback(CallbackFunction); Console.Read(); } }
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