转自:https://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2011-12/48616.htm
最近想测试下Openfire下的最大并发数,需要开大量线程来模拟客户端。对于一个JVM实例到底能开多少个线程一直心存疑惑,所以打算实际测试下,简单google了把,找到影响线程数量的因素有下面几个:
-Xms
|
intial java heap size
|
-Xmx
|
maximum java heap size
|
-Xss
|
the stack size for each thread
|
系统限制
|
系统最大可开线程数
|
测试程序如下:
- import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
- public class TestThread extends Thread {
- private static final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- while (true)
- (new TestThread()).start();
- }
- @Override
- public void run() {
- System.out.println(count.incrementAndGet());
- while (true)
- try {
- Thread.sleep(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- break;
- }
- }
- }
测试环境:
系统:Ubuntu 10.04 Linux Kernel 2.6 (32位)
内存:2G
JDK:1.7
测试结果:
◆ 不考虑系统限制
-Xms
|
-Xmx
|
-Xss
|
结果
|
1024m
|
1024m
|
1024k
|
1737
|
1024m
|
1024m
|
64k
|
26077
|
512m
|
512m
|
64k
|
31842
|
256m
|
256m
|
64k
|
31842
|
在创建的线程数量达到31842个时,系统中无法创建任何线程。
由上面的测试结果可以看出增大堆内存(-Xms,-Xmx)会减少可创建的线程数量,增大线程栈内存(-Xss,32位系统中此参数值最小为60K)也会减少可创建的线程数量。
◆ 结合系统限制
线程数量31842的限制是是由系统可以生成的最大线程数量决定的:/proc/sys/kernel/threads-max,可其默认值是32080。修改其值为10000:echo 10000 > /proc/sys/kernel/threads-max,修改后的测试结果如下:
-Xms
|
-Xmx
|
-Xss
|
结果
|
256m
|
256m
|
64k
|
9761
|
这样的话,是不是意味着可以配置尽量多的线程?再做修改:echo 1000000 > /proc/sys/kernel/threads-max,修改后的测试结果如下:
-Xms
|
-Xmx
|
-Xss
|
结果
|
256m
|
256m
|
64k
|
32279
|
128m
|
128m
|
64k
|
32279
|
发现线程数量在达到32279以后,不再增长。查了一下,32位Linux系统可创建的最大pid数是32678,这个数值可以通过/proc/sys/kernel/pid_max来做修改(修改方法同threads-max),但是在32系统下这个值只能改小,无法更大。在threads-max一定的情况下,修改pid_max对应的测试结果如下:
pid_max
|
-Xms
|
-Xmx
|
-Xss
|
结果
|
1000
|
128m
|
128m
|
64k
|
582
|
10000
|
128m
|
128m
|
64k
|
9507
|
在Windows上的情况应该类似,不过相比Linux,Windows上可创建的线程数量可能更少。基于线程模型的服务器总要受限于这个线程数量的限制。
总结:
JVM中可以生成的最大数量由JVM的堆内存大小、Thread的Stack内存大小、系统最大可创建的线程数量(Java线程的实现是基于底层系统的线程机制来实现的,Windows下_beginthreadex,Linux下pthread_create)三个方面影响。具体数量可以根据Java进程可以访问的最大内存(32位系统上一般2G)、堆内存、Thread的Stack内存来估算。
序:
在64位Linux系统(CentOS 6, 3G内存)下测试,发现还有一个参数是会限制线程数量:max user process(可通过ulimit –a查看,默认值1024,通过ulimit –u可以修改此值),这个值在上面的32位Ubuntu测试环境下并无限制。
将threads-max,pid_max,max user process,这三个参数值都修改成100000,-Xms,-Xmx尽量小(128m,64m),-Xss尽量小(64位下最小104k,可取值128k)。事先预测在这样的测试环境下,线程数量就只会受限于测试环境的内存大小(3G),可是实际的测试结果是线程数量在达到32K(32768,创建的数量最多的时候大概是33000左右)左右时JVM是抛出警告:Attempt to allocate stack guard pages failed,然后出现OutOfMemoryError无法创建本地线程。查看内存后发现还有很多空闲,所以应该不是内存容量的原因。Google此警告无果,暂时不知什么原因,有待进一步研究。
序2:今天无意中发现文章[7],马上试了下,果然这个因素会影响线程创建数量,按文中描述把/proc/sys/vm/max_map_count的数量翻倍,从65536变为131072,创建的线程总数量达到65000+,电脑基本要卡死(3G内存)… 简单查了下这个参数的作用,在[8]中的描述如下:
“This file contains the maximum number of memory map areas a process may have. Memory map areas are used as a side-effect of calling malloc, directly by mmap and mprotect, and also when loading shared libraries.
While most applications need less than a thousand maps, certain programs, particularly malloc debuggers, may consume lots of them, e.g., up to one or two maps per allocation.
The default value is 65536.”
OK,这个问题总算完满解决,最后总结下影响Java线程数量的因素:
Java虚拟机本身:-Xms,-Xmx,-Xss;
系统限制:
/proc/sys/kernel/pid_max,
/proc/sys/kernel/thread-max,
max_user_process(ulimit -u),
/proc/sys/vm/max_map_count。
根据上述结论有一个实际的案例。转自:http://blog.csdn.net/yaowj2/article/details/50235491
有应用报出这样的异常“java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: unable to create new native thread”。甚至机器上执行shell命令也会报”-bash: fork: Resource temporarily unavailable”异常。机器上的其他应用如hadoop也会受影响:
1 |
2013 - 08 - 21 20 : 15 : 48 , 496 FATAL org.apache.hadoop.yarn.event.AsyncDispatcher: Error in dispatcher thread |
2 |
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: unable to create new native thread |
3 |
at java.lang.Thread.start0(Native Method) |
4 |
at java.lang.Thread.start(Thread.java: 640 ) |
5 |
at org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.containermanager.localizer. |
6 |
ResourceLocalizationService$LocalizerTracker.handle(ResourceLocalizationService.java: 524 ) |
7 |
at org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.containermanager.localizer. |
8 |
ResourceLocalizationService$LocalizerTracker.handle(ResourceLocalizationService.java: 456 ) |
9 |
at org.apache.hadoop.yarn.event.AsyncDispatcher.dispatch(AsyncDispatcher.java: 128 ) |
10 |
at org.apache.hadoop.yarn.event.AsyncDispatcher$ 1 .run(AsyncDispatcher.java: 77 ) |
11 |
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java: 662 ) |
12 |
2013 - 08 - 21 20 : 15 : 48 , 497 INFO org.apache.hadoop.yarn.event.AsyncDispatcher: Exiting, bbye.. |
一看以为内存不够导致无法创建新的线程,但是观察机器上的内存还有空闲,猜测是哪个地方对线程创建有限制。
首先需要排除操作系统对线程创建数的限制,设置操作系统可以支持创建10万个线程:
1 |
echo "100000" > /proc/sys/kernel/threads-max |
2 |
echo "100000" > /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max (默认 32768 ) |
3 |
echo "200000" > /proc/sys/vm/max_map_count (默认 65530 ) |
4 |
ulimit -u unlimited (设置max user processes的值) |
当前测试环境为:
1 |
[admin@bufer108081.tbc ~]$ uname -a |
2 |
Linux bufer108081.tbc 2.6.32-220.23.2.ali927.el5.x86_64 |
3 |
[admin@bufer108081.tbc ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release |
4 |
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5.7 (Tikanga) |
5 |
[admin@bufer108081.tbc ~]$ java -version |
6 |
java version "1.7.0_51" |
7 |
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_51-b13) |
8 |
OpenJDK (Alibaba) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.45-b08-internal, mixed mode) |
9 |
[admin@bufer108081.tbc ~]$ ulimit -a |
10 |
core file size (blocks, -c) 0 |
11 |
data seg size (kbytes, -d) unlimited |
12 |
scheduling priority (-e) 0 |
13 |
file size (blocks, -f) unlimited |
14 |
pending signals (-i) 387068 |
15 |
max locked memory (kbytes, -l) 64 |
16 |
max memory size (kbytes, -m) unlimited |
17 |
open files (-n) 131072 |
18 |
pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 8 |
19 |
POSIX message queues (bytes, -q) 819200 |
20 |
real- time priority (-r) 0 |
21 |
stack size (kbytes, -s) 10240 |
22 |
cpu time (seconds, -t) unlimited |
23 |
max user processes (-u) unlimited |
24 |
virtual memory (kbytes, - v ) unlimited |
25 |
file locks (-x) unlimited |
26 |
[admin@bufer108081.tbc ~/dev/baoniu]$ free -g |
27 |
total used free shared buffers cached |
29 |
-/+ buffers/cache: 3 44 |
测试程序见本文最后面。测试结果:突破了网上所说的32000个线程数,成功创建了 10万个线程。
(由于/proc/sys/kernel/pid_max默认为32768,所以网上很多测试程序测试JVM只能创建32000个线程。)
1 |
[admin@bufer108081.tbc ~/dev/baoniu]$ java -Xss128k MaxThreadsMain |
2 |
The stack size specified is too small, Specify at least 228k |
3 |
Error: Could not create the Java Virtual Machine. |
4 |
Error: A fatal exception has occurred. Program will exit . |
5 |
[admin@bufer108081.tbc ~/dev/baoniu]$ java -Xss228k MaxThreadsMain |
6 |
4,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 0.846 seconds |
7 |
8,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 2.425 seconds |
8 |
12,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 4.813 seconds |
9 |
16,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 7.229 seconds |
10 |
20,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 10.443 seconds |
11 |
24,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 14.480 seconds |
12 |
28,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 19.709 seconds |
13 |
32,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 24.742 seconds |
14 |
36,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 31.181 seconds |
15 |
40,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 36.629 seconds |
16 |
44,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 42.796 seconds |
17 |
48,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 48.659 seconds |
18 |
52,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 55.030 seconds |
19 |
56,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 60.130 seconds |
20 |
60,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 67.419 seconds |
21 |
64,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 73.507 seconds |
22 |
68,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 79.416 seconds |
23 |
72,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 85.261 seconds |
24 |
76,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 92.201 seconds |
25 |
80,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 98.087 seconds |
26 |
84,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 108.263 seconds |
27 |
88,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 114.840 seconds |
28 |
92,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 121.841 seconds |
29 |
96,000 threads: Time to create 4,000 threads was 127.714 seconds |
30 |
After creating 99,410 threads, java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: unable to create new native thread |
31 |
at java.lang.Thread.start0(Native Method) |
32 |
at java.lang.Thread.start(Thread.java:713) |
33 |
at MaxThreadsMain.addThread(MaxThreadsMain.java:43) |
34 |
at MaxThreadsMain.main(MaxThreadsMain.java:13) |
创建9W多个线程后,进程占用内存:VIRT=40.5g RES=4.7g,用free -g查看系统还有9G的空闲(free)内存。
JVM最多能启动的线程数参照公式:
1 |
(MaxProcessMemory - JVMMemory – ReservedOsMemory) / (ThreadStackSize) = Number of threads |
- MaxProcessMemory : 进程的最大寻址空间
- JVMMemory : JVM内存
- ReservedOsMemory : 保留的操作系统内存,如Native heap,JNI之类,一般100多M
- ThreadStackSize : 线程栈的大小,jvm启动时由Xss指定
MaxProcessMemory:如32位的linux默认每个进程最多申请3G的地址空间,64位的操作系统可以支持到46位(64TB)的物理地址空间和47位(128T)的进程虚拟地址空间(linux 64位CPU内存限制)。
JVM内存:由Heap区和Perm区组成。通过-Xms和-Xmx可以指定heap区大小,通过-XX:PermSize和-XX:MaxPermSize指定perm区的大小(默认从32MB 到64MB,和JVM版本有关)。
线程栈ThreadStackSize:
Java程序中,每个线程都有自己的Stack Space。这个Stack Space的空间是独立分配的,与-Xmx和-Xms指定的堆大小无关。Stack Space用来做方法的递归调用时压入Stack Frame。所以当递归调用太深的时候,就有可能耗尽Stack Space,爆出StackOverflow的错误。对于32位JVM,缺省值为256KB,对于64位JVM,缺省值为512KB。最大值根据平台和特定机器配置的不同而不同。如果超过最大值,那么将报告java/lang/OutOfMemoryError消息。
可见,减少Xss指定的线程栈大小能够启动更多的线程,但是线程总数也受到系统空闲内存和操作系统的限制。
总结下影响Java线程数量的因素:
- Java虚拟机本身:-Xms,-Xmx,-Xss;
- 系统限制:
/proc/sys/kernel/pid_max,
/proc/sys/kernel/thread-max,
max_user_process(ulimit -u),
/proc/sys/vm/max_map_count。
ps: 最后发现是这台机器上有个应用代码问题创建了过多的线程,达到系统限制,而影响了YARN和其他应用。一般来说,单机线程数过多可以考虑使用线程池或者更多的服务器。
附测试程序:
1 |
import java.util.ArrayList; |
4 |
public class MaxThreadsMain { |
6 |
public static final int BATCH_SIZE = 4000 ; |
8 |
public static void main(String... args) throws InterruptedException { |
9 |
List<Thread> threads = new ArrayList<Thread>(); |
11 |
for ( int i = 0 ; i <= 100 * 1000 ; i += BATCH_SIZE) { |
12 |
long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); |
13 |
addThread(threads, BATCH_SIZE); |
14 |
long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); |
16 |
long delay = end - start; |
17 |
System.out.printf( "%,d threads: Time to create %,d threads was %.3f seconds %n" , threads.size(), BATCH_SIZE, delay / 1e3); |
19 |
} catch (Throwable e) { |
20 |
System.err.printf( "After creating %,d threads, " , threads.size()); |
26 |
private static void addThread(List<Thread> threads, int num) { |
27 |
for ( int i = 0 ; i < num; i++) { |
28 |
Thread t = new Thread( new Runnable() { |
32 |
while (!Thread.interrupted()) { |
35 |
} catch (InterruptedException ignored) { |
41 |
t.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY); |
附:
- MySQL Performance: Hitting Error "Can't Create A New Thread (Errno 11)" On A High Number Of Connections:
- Http://Dimitrik.Free.Fr/Blog/Archives/2010/11/Mysql-Performance-Hitting-Error-Cant-Create-A-New-Thread-Errno-11-On-A-High-Number-Of-Connections.Html
-
-
- $ Ulimit -U
- 1024
- It Explains 1000 Sessions Limitation ;-)
-
-
- Adding Few Lines More To My "/Etc/Security/Limits.Conf" File:
-
-
- # Cat /Etc/Security/Limits.Conf
- Mysql Soft Nofile 10240
- Mysql Hard Nofile 40960
- Mysql Soft Nproc 10240
- Mysql Hard Nproc 40960
- Fixed My Issue! :-))