MS SQL监控数据库的DDL操作

    前言： 有时候，一个数据库有多个帐号，包括数据库管理员，开发人员，运维支撑人员等，可能有很多帐号都有比较大的权限，例如DDL操作权限(创建，修改，删除存储过程，创建，修改，删除表等），账户多了，管理起来就会相当麻烦，容易产生混乱，如果数据库管理员不监控数据库架构变更的话，就不知道谁对数据库架构做了啥改动（此处改动仅仅只DDL操作），尤其有时候，有些开发人员可能不按规章制度办事，绕过或忘了通知发布人员或DBA，直接去生产机做一些DDL操作，那么我们就需要对数据库架构某些更改的事件进行监控，如果能够监控并留下证据，这样既可以让DBA或相关管理人员知晓这些变更，有效管理数据库，也可以避免出现问题，出现扯皮现象，最后DBA成了背黑锅的。

  下面就是一个解决上述问题的方案，我们通过创建一个表DatabaseLog和DDL触发器来解决问题，首先在msdb数据库里面新建一个表DatabaseLog，用来保存DDL触发器获取的信息。其中DDL触发器主要通过EVENTDATA()函数返回有关服务器或数据库事件的信息。

SQL Code 1

1. USE msdb;
2.  
3. GO
4.  
6.  
7. CREATE TABLE [dbo].[DatabaseLog]
8.  
9. (
10.  
11.     [DatabaseLogID]   [int]    IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
12.  
13.     [PostTime]        [datetime] NOT NULL,
14.  
15.     [DatabaseUser]    [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NOT NULL,
16.  
17.     [LoginName]       [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL,
18.  
19.     [ClientHost]      [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL,
20.  
21.     [Event]           [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NOT NULL,
22.  
23.     [Schema]          [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL,
24.  
25.     [Object]          [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL,
26.  
27.     [TSQL]            [nvarchar](max) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NOT NULL,
28.  
29.     [XmlEvent]        [xml] NOT NULL,
30.  
31. CONSTRAINT [PK_DatabaseLog_DatabaseLogID] PRIMARY KEY NONCLUSTERED
32.  
33. (
34.  
35.     [DatabaseLogID] ASC
36.  
37.   )WITH (PAD_INDEX= OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF) ON [PRIMARY]
38.  
39. ) ON [PRIMARY]
40.  
42.  
43. GO
44.  
45. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'Primary key for DatabaseLog records.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'DatabaseLogID'
46.  
47. GO
48.  
49. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The date and time the DDL change occurred.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'PostTime'
50.  
51. GO
52.  
53. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The user who implemented the DDL change.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'DatabaseUser'
54.  
55. GO
56.  
57. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The login which implemented the DDL change.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'LoginName'
58.  
59. GO
60.  
61. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The client machine on which implemented the DDL change.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'ClientHost'
62.  
63. GO
64.  
65. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The type of DDL statement that was executed.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'Event'
66.  
67. GO
68.  
69. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The schema to which the changed object belongs.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'Schema'
70.  
71. GO
72.  
73. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The object that was changed by the DDL statment.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'Object'
74.  
75. GO
76.  
77. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The exact Transact-SQL statement that was executed.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'TSQL'
78.  
79. GO
80.  
81. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The raw XML data generated by database trigger.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'XmlEvent'
82.  
83. GO
84.  
85. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'Audit table tracking all DDL changes made to the database. Data is captured by the database trigger ddlDatabaseTriggerLog.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog'
86.  
87. GO
88.  
89. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'Primary key (nonclustered) constraint' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'CONSTRAINT',@level2name=N'PK_DatabaseLog_DatabaseLogID'
90.  
92.  
93. GO

例如，我要监控数据库MyAssistant的DDL操作，那么我们首先在“数据库邮件”里面创建一个配置名为“ DataBase_DDL_Event”的配置文件（profile name）,这个就不多讲了，不知道配置的，自己先练练手把，假如我需要让数据库把监控到DDL操作变动相信信息发送到我的邮箱 *****@***.com(用你自己的邮箱替代)，那么只需要修改下面代码的邮箱和profile_name即可。

SQL Code 2

1. USE MyAssistant;
2. GO
3.  
4. CREATE TRIGGER [DTG_DatabaseDdlTriggerLog]
5. ON DATABASE
6. FOR DDL_DATABASE_LEVEL_EVENTS
7. AS
8. BEGIN
9.     SET NOCOUNT ON;
10.  
11.     DECLARE @data XML;
12.     DECLARE @schema sysname;
13.     DECLARE @object sysname;
14.     DECLARE @eventType sysname;
15.     DECLARE @tableHTML  NVARCHAR(MAX) ;
16.     
17.     SET @data = EVENTDATA();
18.     SET @eventType = @data.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/EventType)[1]', 'sysname');
19.     SET @schema = @data.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/SchemaName)[1]', 'sysname');
20.     SET @object = @data.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/ObjectName)[1]', 'sysname')
21.  
22.     IF @object IS NOT NULL
23.         PRINT '  ' + @eventType + ' - ' + @schema + '.' + @object;
24.     ELSE
25.         PRINT '  ' + @eventType + ' - ' + @schema;
26.  
27.     IF @eventType IS NULL
28.         PRINT CONVERT(nvarchar(max), @data);
29.  
30.     INSERT [msdb].[dbo].[DatabaseLog]
31.         (
32.         [PostTime],
33.         [DatabaseUser],
34.         [LoginName],
35.         [ClientHost],
36.         [Event],
37.         [Schema],
38.         [Object],
39.         [TSQL],
40.         [XmlEvent]
41.         )
42.     VALUES
43.         (
44.         GETDATE(),
45.         CONVERT(sysname, CURRENT_USER),
46.         @data.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/LoginName)[1]', 'nvarchar(max)'),
47.         CONVERT(sysname, HOST_NAME()),
48.         @eventType,
49.         CONVERT(sysname, @schema),
50.         CONVERT(sysname, @object),
51.         @data.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/TSQLCommand)[1]', 'nvarchar(max)'),
52.         @data
53.         );
54.  
55.     SET @tableHTML =   
56.     N'<H1>DDL Event</H1>' +     
57.     N'<table border="0">' +     
58.     N'<tr><th>Post Time</th><th>User</th><th>Login</th><th>ClientHost</th>' +     
59.     N'<th>TSQL</th><th></tr>' +     
60.     CAST(( SELECT
61.     td = PostTime,       '',                     
62.     td = DatabaseUser, '',        
63.     td = LoginName, '',     
64.     td = ClientHost, '',         
65.     td = TSQL, ''               
66.     FROM msdb.dbo.DatabaseLog               
67.     WHERE DatabaseLogID =(select max(DatabaseLogID) from msdb.dbo.DatabaseLog)               
68.     FOR XML PATH('tr'), TYPE     ) AS NVARCHAR(MAX) ) +     N'</table>' ;
69.  
70.     EXEC msdb.dbo.sp_send_dbmail     
71.              @profile_name = 'DataBase_DDL_Event',
72.         @recipients='***@***.com',     
73.         @subject = 'DDL Event - DataBase MyAssistant',     
74.         @body = @tableHTML,   
75.         @body_format = 'HTML' ;
76. END;
77.  
78.  
79.  
80. GO

接下来我们来测试一下，假如一个用户Test登录数据库，一不小心删除了一个Test的表，如下图一所示，那么我将收到一封邮件，提示我用户Test在那台客户端主机执行了啥DDL操作(如下图二所示)，当然邮件的样式、排版有兴趣的可以去美化一下。