python基础31[数据结构list+tuple+set+dictionary]
默认地,所有index的下标均从0开始。
一 list
1) list 基础
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从上面的实例中可以可以看到
list类型的定义a = ['money', 'money', 'money', 100000000],也可以从set定义list入s = {1,2,3} 和l = list(s)。
元素的访问,元素的修改,list的链接,元素的插入,元素的删除,求list的长度,list的清空。
2)list类成员函数
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append用来在结尾增加一个元素。
extend用来在结尾增加一个list。
insert在指定的index处插入一个元素。
remove删除指定值的元素。
index查找给定值的index。
pop删除且返回list的最后一个值。
count获得给定值在list重复的个数。
sort排序。
reverse反序。
3)list作为栈
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4)list作为队列
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5)list高级
#list to another list
numbers = [1,2,3,4,5]
squares = [number*number for number in numbers]
print(squares)
# [1,4,9,16,25]
numbers_under_4 = [number for number in numbers if number < 4]
print(numbers_under_4)
# [1,2,3]
squares_under_4 = [number*number for number in numbers if number < 4]
print(squares_under_4)
# [1,4,9]
#list and for, not foreach
strings = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
for index, string in enumerate(strings):
print (index, string)
# '0 a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 e'
#list any and all
numbers2 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
if all(number < 10 for number in numbers2):
print ('Success!')
# 'Success!'
numbers3 = [1,10,100,1000,10000]
if any(number < 10 for number in numbers3):
print ('Success!')
# 'Success!'
#mutiply list
mat = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]
for i in [0,1,2]:
for row in mat:
print(row[i],end=" ")
print()
#1 4
#2 5
#3 6
print(list(zip(*mat)))
#[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
#list union by set
numbers4 = [1,2,3,3,4,1]
print(set(numbers4))
#{1,2,3,4}
if len(numbers4) == len(set(numbers4)):
print ('List is unique!')
numbers = [1,2,3,4,5]
squares = [number*number for number in numbers]
print(squares)
# [1,4,9,16,25]
numbers_under_4 = [number for number in numbers if number < 4]
print(numbers_under_4)
# [1,2,3]
squares_under_4 = [number*number for number in numbers if number < 4]
print(squares_under_4)
# [1,4,9]
#list and for, not foreach
strings = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
for index, string in enumerate(strings):
print (index, string)
# '0 a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 e'
#list any and all
numbers2 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
if all(number < 10 for number in numbers2):
print ('Success!')
# 'Success!'
numbers3 = [1,10,100,1000,10000]
if any(number < 10 for number in numbers3):
print ('Success!')
# 'Success!'
#mutiply list
mat = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]
for i in [0,1,2]:
for row in mat:
print(row[i],end=" ")
print()
#1 4
#2 5
#3 6
print(list(zip(*mat)))
#[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
#list union by set
numbers4 = [1,2,3,3,4,1]
print(set(numbers4))
#{1,2,3,4}
if len(numbers4) == len(set(numbers4)):
print ('List is unique!')
注意:
list 到list的映射。
any和all在list中的使用。
list与for的结合,相当于高级语言中的foreach功能。
对list的enumerate与for的结合,相当于高级语言中的for功能。
del相当于list本身的remove,都可以用来删除list中的元素。
二 tuple
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注意:
tuple相当于是不可修改的list,所以同时也不具有list的很多修改的方法,例如append,insert,remove等;但是tuples仍然可以使用count,index等查找方法。
使用 t2 = (2,4,8)来定义tuple,也可以使用list来定义tuple如 l = [1,2,3] 和 t = tuple(l)。
三 set
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set的定义使用{}。
可以将list使用set显示的转化为set。
可以用in来判断指定元素是否存在于set中。
set于for结合使用,相当于foreach。
set可以进行|,&,^,-操作。
三 dictionary
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dictionary使用{1 : 'tom', 2 : 'bill'}来定义,也可以使用dict([('sape', 4139), ('guido', 4127), ('jack', 4098)])来从list定义dictionary。
[]=来增加新的值。
del来删除指定的key和value。
in用来查找key是否存在。
keys()用来查看所有的keys。
#dictionary
keyGenDict={1:'blue',4:'fast',2:'test'}
print (keyGenDict.keys())
print (keyGenDict.values())
print (keyGenDict.items())
keys=list(keyGenDict.keys())
keys.sort()
for key in keys:
print(keyGenDict[key])
for key, value in keyGenDict.items():
print(key,value)
keyGenDict={1:'blue',4:'fast',2:'test'}
print (keyGenDict.keys())
print (keyGenDict.values())
print (keyGenDict.items())
keys=list(keyGenDict.keys())
keys.sort()
for key in keys:
print(keyGenDict[key])
for key, value in keyGenDict.items():
print(key,value)
dictionary的keys,values和items的使用。
四 other
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dictionary的items()可以在遍历时同时获得key和value。
enumerate可以在遍历时增加index。
zip可以将多个list绑定到一个遍历中。
sorted可以在遍历时排序。
完!