将Delegate理解为接口,只有一个方法的接口,这样最容易理解。这个方法只有声明,没有实现,实现在别的类。(实际上应该把它看作函数指针,不过接口更容易理解些。)
在你的类中有一个Delegate就相当于有一个接口。通过这个接口你可以调用一个方法,而这个方法在别的类定义,由别的类来干。
为了说的形象一点,举个例子:
学生考试完后成绩出来了,考的好了老师要表扬,考的不好了老师要批评。
使用接口的方法:
using System;
public class Student
{
private IAdviser adviser;
public void SetAdviser(IAdviser iadviser)
{
adviser = iadviser;
}
private int score;
public void SetScore(int value)
{
if (value > 100 || value < 0)
{
Console.Out.WriteLine("分数不对");
}
else
{
score = value;
if (adviser != null)
{
string result = adviser.Advise(score);
Console.Out.WriteLine("学生收到老师返回的结果\t"+result);
}
}
}
public interface IAdviser
{
string Advise(int score);
}
public class Teacher : IAdviser
{
public string Advise(int score)
{
if (score < 60)
{
Console.Out.WriteLine(score+"老师说加油");
return "不及格";
}
else
{
Console.Out.WriteLine(score+"老师说不错");
return "及格";
}
}
}
class MainClass
{
[STAThread]
private static void Main(string[] args)
{
IAdviser teacher = new Teacher();
Student s = new Student();
s.SetAdviser(teacher);
Console.Out.WriteLine("学生得到50分");
s.SetScore(50);
Console.Out.WriteLine("\n学生得到75分");
s.SetScore(75);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
使用Delegate的方法:
using System;
using System.Threading;
public class Student
{
private int score;
public void SetScore(int value)
{
if (value > 100 || value < 0)
{
Console.Out.WriteLine("分数不对");
}
else
{
score = value;
if (AdviseDelegateInstance!= null)
{
string result=AdviseDelegateInstance(score);
Console.Out.WriteLine("学生收到老师返回的结果\t"+result);
}
}
}
public delegate string AdviseDelegate(int score);
public AdviseDelegate AdviseDelegateInstance;
}
public class Teacher
{
public string Advise(int score)
{
if(score<60)
{
Console.Out.WriteLine(score+"老师说加油");
return "不及格";
}
else
{
Console.Out.WriteLine(score+"老师说不错");
return "及格";
}
}
}
class MainClass
{
[STAThread]
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Teacher teacher=new Teacher();
Student s=new Student();
s.AdviseDelegateInstance=new Student.AdviseDelegate(teacher.Advise);
Console.Out.WriteLine("学生得到50分");
s.SetScore(50);
Console.Out.WriteLine("\n学生得到75分");
s.SetScore(75);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
如果老师很忙不能及时回复怎么办?比如这样:
public class Teacher
{
public string Advise(int score)
{
Thread.Sleep(3000);
if(score<60)
{
Console.Out.WriteLine(score+"老师说加油");
return "不及格";
}
else
{
Console.Out.WriteLine(score+"老师说不错");
return "及格";
}
}
}
总不能让学生一直等下去吧,采用多线程并发的办法。
Interface的解决办法:
public void SetScore(int value)
{
if (value > 100 || value < 0)
{
Console.Out.WriteLine("分数不对");
}
else
{
score = value;
if (adviser != null)
{
Thread.adviserThread=new Thread(new ThreadStart(adviser.Advise()));
adviserThread.Start();
}
}
}
但是它不能使用带参数的函数,怎么办?(谁知道方法请指教)
.Net2.0提供了新的方法ParameterizedThreadStart
用Delegate解决(异步调用):
{
if (value > 100 || value < 0)
{
Console.Out.WriteLine("分数不对");
}
else
{
score = value;
if (AdviseDelegateInstance!= null)
{
AdviseDelegateInstance.BeginInvoke(score,null,null);
}
}
}
不过这样我们失去了老师的返回结果,不知道有没有及格了。
采用轮讯的方法去获得结果:
public void SetScore(int value)
{
if (value > 100 || value < 0)
{
Console.Out.WriteLine("分数不对");
}
else
{
score = value;
if (AdviseDelegateInstance!= null)
{
IAsyncResult res = AdviseDelegateInstance.BeginInvoke(score,null, null);
while( !res.IsCompleted ) System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(1);
string result = AdviseDelegateInstance.EndInvoke(res);
Console.Out.WriteLine("学生收到老师返回的结果\t"+result);
}
}
}
不过这样主线程又被阻塞了,采用回调的方式:
public void SetScore(int value)
{
if (value > 100 || value < 0)
{
Console.Out.WriteLine("分数不对");
}
else
{
score = value;
if (AdviseDelegateInstance!= null)
{
IAsyncResult res = AdviseDelegateInstance.BeginInvoke(score, new System.AsyncCallback(CallBackMethod), null);
}
}
}
private void CallBackMethod(IAsyncResult asyncResult)
{
string result = AdviseDelegateInstance.EndInvoke(asyncResult);
Console.Out.WriteLine("学生收到老师返回的结果\t" + result);
}
这样就比较得到了一个比较好的解决方案了。我们再来看看BeginInvoke的第四个参数是干吗的呢?
public void SetScore(int value)
{
if (value > 100 || value < 0)
{
Console.Out.WriteLine("分数不对");
}
else
{
score = value;
if (AdviseDelegateInstance!= null)
{
AdviseDelegateInstance.BeginInvoke(score, new System.AsyncCallback(CallBackMethod), "idior");
}
}
}
private void CallBackMethod(IAsyncResult asyncResult)
{
string result = AdviseDelegateInstance.EndInvoke(asyncResult);
string stateObj=(string)asyncResult.AsyncState;
Console.Out.WriteLine("学生{0}收到老师返回的结果\t" + result,stateObj.ToString());
}
哦,原来它可以用来标记调用者的一些信息。(这里采取的是硬编码的方式,你可以把它改为学生的id之类的信息)。
总结:Delegate类似与Interface但是功能更加强大和灵活,它甚至还可以绑定到Static方法只要函数签名一致,而且由于+=操作符的功能,实现多播也是极为方便(即Observer模式),在此不再举例。
public void SetScore(int value)
{
if (value > 100 || value < 0)
{
Console.Out.WriteLine("分数不对");
}
else
{
score = value;
if (AdviseDelegateInstance!= null)
{
foreach( AdviseDelegate ad in AdviseDelegateInstance.GetInvocationList())
{
ad.BeginInvoke(score, new System.AsyncCallback(CallBackMethod), "idior");
}
}
}
}
本文没什么新的内容,就是自己练一下手,写个总结材料,希望对大家有帮助。
完整源代码如下:
using System;
using System.Threading;
public class Student
{
private int score;
public void SetScore(int value)
{
if (value > 100 || value < 0)
{
Console.Out.WriteLine("分数不对");
}
else
{
score = value;
if (AdviseDelegateInstance!= null)
{
AdviseDelegateInstance.BeginInvoke(score, new System.AsyncCallback(CallBackMethod), "idior");
}
}
}
private void CallBackMethod(IAsyncResult asyncResult)
{
string result = AdviseDelegateInstance.EndInvoke(asyncResult);
string stateObj=(string)asyncResult.AsyncState;
Console.Out.WriteLine("学生{0}收到老师返回的结果\t" + result,stateObj);
}
public delegate string AdviseDelegate(int score);
public AdviseDelegate AdviseDelegateInstance;
}
public class Teacher
{
public string Advise(int score)
{
Thread.Sleep(3000);
if (score < 60)
{
Console.Out.WriteLine(score + "老师说加油");
return "不及格";
}
else
{
Console.Out.WriteLine(score + "老师说不错");
return "及格";
}
}
}
class MainClass
{
[STAThread]
private static void Main(string[] args)
{
Teacher teacher = new Teacher();
Student s = new Student();
s.AdviseDelegateInstance= new Student.AdviseDelegate(teacher.Advise);
Console.Out.WriteLine("学生得到50分");
s.SetScore(50);
Console.Out.WriteLine("\n学生得到75分");
s.SetScore(75);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}