首先,让我们简单了解下什么是API网关?
API网关是一个服务器,是系统的唯一入口。从面向对象设计的角度看,它与外观模式类似。API网关封装了系统内部架构,为每个客户端提供一个定制的API。它可能还具有其它职责,如身份验证、监控、负载均衡、缓存、请求分片与管理、静态响应处理。
API网关方式的核心要点是,所有的客户端和消费端都通过统一的网关接入微服务,在网关层处理所有的非业务功能。通常,网关也是提供REST/HTTP的访问API。服务端通过API-GW注册和管理服务。
其次,我们了解下Ocelot框架
Ocelot的目标是使用.NET运行微服务/面向服务架构,我们需要一个统一的入口进入我们的服务,提供监控、鉴权、负载均衡等机制,也可以通过编写中间件的形式,来扩展Ocelot的功能。 Ocelot是一堆特定顺序的中间件。
Ocelot框架内部集成了IdentityServer和Consul(服务注册发现),还引入了Polly来处理进行故障处理,关于Polly,可以在这篇博客中了解更多《已被.NET基金会认可的弹性和瞬态故障处理库Polly介绍》
Ocelot开源地址:https://github.com/TomPallister/Ocelot
接下来,我们就针对Ocelot的具体用法展开介绍。
这里使用的Ocelot版本为2.0,.Net Core版本2.0
1、搭建Asp.net Core WebApi项目,引用Ocelot.dll。
Nuget控制台,执行Ocelot安装。
PM>Install-Package Ocelot
GET https://api.nuget.org/v3/registration3-gz-semver2/ocelot/index.json OK https://api.nuget.org/v3/registration3-gz-semver2/ocelot/index.json 104 毫秒 GET https://api.nuget.org/v3/registration3-gz-semver2/ocelot/page/1.5.0-unstable0134/2.0.0.json OK https://api.nuget.org/v3/registration3-gz-semver2/ocelot/page/1.5.0-unstable0134/2.0.0.json 108 毫秒 正在还原 J:\Demo\RichCodeBox\APIGatewayApp\APIGatewayApp.csproj 的包... GET https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/ocelot/index.json OK https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/ocelot/index.json 476 毫秒 GET https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/ocelot/2.0.0/ocelot.2.0.0.nupkg OK https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/ocelot/2.0.0/ocelot.2.0.0.nupkg 125 毫秒 GET https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/identityserver4.accesstokenvalidation/index.json GET https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/cachemanager.core/index.json GET https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/cachemanager.microsoft.extensions.configuration/index.json GET https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/cachemanager.microsoft.extensions.logging/index.json GET https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/consul/index.json GET https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/polly/index.json GET https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/identityserver4/index.json OK https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/identityserver4.accesstokenvalidation/index.json 133 毫秒 GET https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/identityserver4.accesstokenvalidation/2.1.0/identityserver4.accesstokenvalidation.2.1.0.nupkg OK https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/cachemanager.microsoft.extensions.logging/index.json 286 毫秒 OK https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/polly/index.json 287 毫秒 OK https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/identityserver4.accesstokenvalidation/2.1.0/identityserver4.accesstokenvalidation.2.1.0.nupkg 160 毫秒 GET https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/cachemanager.microsoft.extensions.logging/1.1.1/cachemanager.microsoft.extensions.logging.1.1.1.nupkg
2、修改Startup程序。
/// <summary> /// /// </summary> /// <param name="environment"></param> public Startup(IHostingEnvironment environment) { var builder = new Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.ConfigurationBuilder(); builder.SetBasePath(environment.ContentRootPath) .AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", false, reloadOnChange: true) .AddJsonFile($"appsettings.{environment.EnvironmentName}.json", optional: false, reloadOnChange: true) .AddJsonFile("configuration.json", optional: false, reloadOnChange: true) .AddEnvironmentVariables(); Configuration = builder.Build(); }
/// <summary> ///modified:配置 /// </summary> public IConfigurationRoot Configuration { get; } /// <summary> /// 配置服务 /// </summary> /// <param name="services"></param> public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { Action<ConfigurationBuilderCachePart> settings = (x) => { x.WithMicrosoftLogging(log => { log.AddConsole(LogLevel.Debug); }).WithDictionaryHandle(); }; services.AddOcelot(Configuration, settings); //services.AddMvc(); } /// <summary> /// 配置Ocelot /// </summary> /// <param name="app"></param> /// <param name="env"></param> public async void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env) { //if (env.IsDevelopment()) //{ // app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage(); //} await app.UseOcelot(); //app.UseMvc(); } /// <summary> /// 入口程序 /// </summary> /// <param name="args"></param> public static void Main(string[] args) { IWebHostBuilder builder = new WebHostBuilder(); builder.ConfigureServices(s => { s.AddSingleton(builder); }); builder.UseKestrel() .UseContentRoot(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory()) .UseIISIntegration() .UseStartup<Startup>() .UseApplicationInsights(); var host = builder.Build(); host.Run(); }
3、配置Ocelot。
我们新建一个名为configuration的json文件,配置如下:
{ "ReRoutes": [ { "DownstreamPathTemplate": "/api/values", "DownstreamScheme": "http", "DownstreamHost": "localhost", "DownstreamPort": 8801, "UpstreamPathTemplate": "/api/values", "UpstreamHttpMethod": [ "Get" ], "QoSOptions": { "ExceptionsAllowedBeforeBreaking": 3, "DurationOfBreak": 10, "TimeoutValue": 5000 }, "HttpHandlerOptions": { "AllowAutoRedirect": false, "UseCookieContainer": false }, "AuthenticationOptions": { } }, { "DownstreamPathTemplate": "/api/product", "DownstreamScheme": "http", "DownstreamPort": 8802, "DownstreamHost": "localhost", "UpstreamPathTemplate": "/api/product", "UpstreamHttpMethod": [ "Get" ], "QoSOptions": { "ExceptionsAllowedBeforeBreaking": 3, "DurationOfBreak": 10, "TimeoutValue": 5000 }, "AuthenticationOptions": { } } ], "GlobalConfiguration": { "RequestIdKey": "OcRequestId", "AdministrationPath": "/admin" } }
在这里,我们配置了两个服务,端口分别为8801和8802的。
Ocelot支持负载均衡(提供轮询、最少访问)。Ocelot大部分功能,都可以通过中间件来完成,也可以实现和重写中间件。
Ocelot原理非常简单,这里的配置文件,体现了上游请求和下游服务间的映射关系,你可以理解为,上游是客户端直接调用的URL ,下游,则是对应我们开发的服务。
4、新增两个WebApi项目,分别为APIUserServiec和APIProductService。
API服务 | 端口(Port) |
APIUserServiec | 8801 |
APIProductService | 8802 |
解决方案如下:
5、配置VS启动端口:
依次类推,分别设置端口。
6、启动项目。
配置多个项目启动。
F5启动项目。
再通过API网关,访问商品服务:http://localhost:5000/api/product。
常见问题:
首次在启动API网关时,触发以下错误。
Sequence contains no matching element
根据错误详细信息,可知原因是由于系统调用AddIdentityServer方法时,触发异常。
刚开始,怀疑是配置文件configuration.json文件配置导致的,Ocelot2.0版,采用官方配置仍然触发该异常,由此排除这种可能。接下来,直接从github上克隆源代码,查看。
找到触发错误的地方,
private static void AddIdentityServer(this IServiceCollection services, IIdentityServerConfiguration identityServerConfiguration, IConfigurationRoot configurationRoot) { services.TryAddSingleton<IIdentityServerConfiguration>(identityServerConfiguration); services.TryAddSingleton<IHashMatcher, HashMatcher>(); var identityServerBuilder = services .AddIdentityServer(o => { o.IssuerUri = "Ocelot"; }) .AddInMemoryApiResources(Resources(identityServerConfiguration)) .AddInMemoryClients(Client(identityServerConfiguration)) .AddResourceOwnerValidator<OcelotResourceOwnerPasswordValidator>(); //todo - refactor a method so we know why this is happening var whb = services.First(x => x.ServiceType == typeof(IWebHostBuilder));//这个地方触发了错误 var urlFinder = new BaseUrlFinder((IWebHostBuilder)whb.ImplementationInstance); var baseSchemeUrlAndPort = urlFinder.Find(); JwtSecurityTokenHandler.DefaultInboundClaimTypeMap.Clear(); services.AddAuthentication(IdentityServerAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme) .AddIdentityServerAuthentication(o => { var adminPath = configurationRoot.GetValue("GlobalConfiguration:AdministrationPath", string.Empty); o.Authority = baseSchemeUrlAndPort + adminPath; o.ApiName = identityServerConfiguration.ApiName; o.RequireHttpsMetadata = identityServerConfiguration.RequireHttps; o.SupportedTokens = SupportedTokens.Both; o.ApiSecret = identityServerConfiguration.ApiSecret; }); //todo - refactor naming.. if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(identityServerConfiguration.CredentialsSigningCertificateLocation) || string.IsNullOrEmpty(identityServerConfiguration.CredentialsSigningCertificatePassword)) { identityServerBuilder.AddDeveloperSigningCredential(); } else { //todo - refactor so calls method? var cert = new X509Certificate2(identityServerConfiguration.CredentialsSigningCertificateLocation, identityServerConfiguration.CredentialsSigningCertificatePassword); identityServerBuilder.AddSigningCredential(cert); }
var whb = services.First(x => x.ServiceType == typeof(IWebHostBuilder));
这就代码触发了错误,是由于表达式条件不成立,导致First发生异常,这就简单了,我们修改Main函数,
把这句代码:
var builder = new WebHostBuilder();
改成:
IWebHostBuilder builder = new WebHostBuilder();
这样,就解决了问题,API网关启动成功。另外,官方例子https://github.com/TomPallister/Ocelot/blob/develop/test/Ocelot.ManualTest/Program.cs中,写法是正确的,大家自己写的时候,注意把IWebHostBuilder换成var会引发错误。
这样,使用Ocelot框架搭建API网关的工作已经完成,尝试通过访问API网关,来访问下游的服务。
此实例源码:https://gitee.com/lichaoqiang/RichCodeBox.git
欢迎大家一起研究探讨,开启你的微服务之路。