[LeetCode] Palindrome Pairs 回文对
Given a list of unique words. Find all pairs of distinct indices (i, j)
in the given list, so that the concatenation of the two words, i.e. words[i] + words[j]
is a palindrome.
Example 1:
Given words
= ["bat", "tab", "cat"]
Return [[0, 1], [1, 0]]
The palindromes are ["battab", "tabbat"]
Example 2:
Given words
= ["abcd", "dcba", "lls", "s", "sssll"]
Return [[0, 1], [1, 0], [3, 2], [2, 4]]
The palindromes are ["dcbaabcd", "abcddcba", "slls", "llssssll"]
Credits:
Special thanks to @dietpepsi for adding this problem and creating all test cases.
这道题给我们了许多单词,让我们找出回文对,就是两个单词拼起来是个回文字符串,我最开始尝试的是brute force的方法,每两个单词都拼接起来然后判断是否是回文字符串,但是通过不了OJ,会超时,可能这也是这道题标为Hard的原因之一吧,那么我们只能找别的方法来做,通过学习大神们的解法,发现如下两种方法比较好,其实两种方法的核心思想都一样,写法略有不同而已,那么我们先来看第一种方法吧,要用到哈希表来建立每个单词和其位置的映射,然后需要一个set来保存出现过的单词的长度,算法的思想是,遍历单词集,对于遍历到的单词,我们对其翻转一下,然后在哈希表查找翻转后的字符串是否存在,注意不能和原字符串的坐标位置相同,因为有可能一个单词翻转后和原单词相等,现在我们只是处理了bat和tab的情况,还存在abcd和cba,dcb和abcd这些情况需要考虑,这就是我们为啥需要用set,由于set是自动排序的,我们可以找到当前单词长度在set中的iterator,然后从开头开始遍历set,遍历比当前单词小的长度,比如abcdd翻转后为ddcba,我们发现set中有长度为3的单词,然后我们dd是否为回文串,若是,再看cba是否存在于哈希表,若存在,则说明abcdd和cba是回文对,存入结果中,对于dcb和aabcd这类的情况也是同样处理,我们要在set里找的字符串要在遍历到的字符串的左边和右边分别尝试,看是否是回文对,这样遍历完单词集,就能得到所有的回文对,参见代码如下:
解法一:
class Solution { public: vector<vector<int>> palindromePairs(vector<string>& words) { vector<vector<int>> res; unordered_map<string, int> m; set<int> s; for (int i = 0; i < words.size(); ++i) { m[words[i]] = i; s.insert(words[i].size()); } for (int i = 0; i < words.size(); ++i) { string t = words[i]; int len = t.size(); reverse(t.begin(), t.end()); if (m.count(t) && m[t] != i) { res.push_back({i, m[t]}); } auto a = s.find(len); for (auto it = s.begin(); it != a; ++it) { int d = *it; if (isValid(t, 0, len - d - 1) && m.count(t.substr(len - d))) { res.push_back({i, m[t.substr(len - d)]}); } if (isValid(t, d, len - 1) && m.count(t.substr(0, d))) { res.push_back({m[t.substr(0, d)], i}); } } } return res; } bool isValid(string t, int left, int right) { while (left < right) { if (t[left++] != t[right--]) return false; } return true; } };
下面这种方法没有用到set,但实际上循环的次数要比上面多,因为这种方法对于遍历到的字符串,要验证其所有可能的子串,看其是否在哈希表里存在,并且能否组成回文对,anyway,既然能通过OJ,说明还是比brute force要快的,参见代码如下:
解法二:
class Solution { public: vector<vector<int>> palindromePairs(vector<string>& words) { vector<vector<int>> res; unordered_map<string, int> m; for (int i = 0; i < words.size(); ++i) m[words[i]] = i; for (int i = 0; i < words.size(); ++i) { int l = 0, r = 0; while (l <= r) { string t = words[i].substr(l, r - l); reverse(t.begin(), t.end()); if (m.count(t) && i != m[t] && isValid(words[i].substr(l == 0 ? r : 0, l == 0 ? words[i].size() - r: l))) { if (l == 0) res.push_back({i, m[t]}); else res.push_back({m[t], i}); } if (r < words[i].size()) ++r; else ++l; } } return res; } bool isValid(string t) { for (int i = 0; i < t.size() / 2; ++i) { if (t[i] != t[t.size() - 1 - i]) return false; } return true; } };
参考资料:
https://leetcode.com/discuss/91562/my-c-solution-275ms-worst-case-o-n-2
https://leetcode.com/discuss/91531/accepted-short-java-solution-using-hashmap