[UWP]附加属性2：实现一个Canvas

5. 附加属性实践：自定义Canvas

附加属性在UWP中是一个十分重要的组成部分，很多功能都依赖于附加属性实现，典型的例子是常用的Grid和Canvas。通常附加属性有三个使用场景：插入属性、触发行为、当做缓存。可以参考以下提供的MyCanvas示例理解这三点。

5.1 插入属性

这里实现的MyCanvas继承自Panel，是一个十分简单的类（作为示例并没有十分严格的验证等代码，所以只有几十行代码），它实现了和Canvas类似的布局并且提供了Left和Right两个附加属性。使用方式如下：

<local:MyCanvas>
    <Rectangle local:MyCanvas.Left="50"
               local:MyCanvas.Top="50"
               Height="100"
               Width="100"
               Fill="Green" />
</local:MyCanvas>

Panel最核心的代码是ArrangeOverride，简单来说，它负责定位Children中的所有元素。MyCanvas读取子元素的定位信息MyCanvas.Left和MyCanvas.Top后对其进行定位，子元素自身并没有这两个属性，只有通过附加属性插入。

public static double GetLeft(DependencyObject obj)
{
    return (double)obj.GetValue(LeftProperty);
}

public static void SetLeft(DependencyObject obj, double value)
{
    obj.SetValue(LeftProperty, value);
}

public static readonly DependencyProperty LeftProperty =
    DependencyProperty.RegisterAttached("Left", typeof(double), typeof(MyCanvas), new PropertyMetadata(0d));

public static double GetTop(DependencyObject obj)
{
    return (double)obj.GetValue(TopProperty);
}
public static void SetTop(DependencyObject obj, double value)
{
    obj.SetValue(TopProperty, value);
}

public static readonly DependencyProperty TopProperty =
    DependencyProperty.RegisterAttached("Top", typeof(double), typeof(MyCanvas), new PropertyMetadata(0d));

protected override Size ArrangeOverride(Size arrangeSize)
{
    foreach (UIElement child in Children)
    {
        double left = GetLeft(child);
        double top = GetTop(child);
        child.Arrange(new Rect(new Point(left, top), child.DesiredSize));
    }
    return arrangeSize;
}

5.2 触发行为

ArrangeOverride是MyCanvas被加载到VisualTree上后被调用的，想要监视MyCanvas.Left或MyCanvas.Top属性并在每次更改后触发ArrangeOverride更改布局，可以在这两个属性的PropertyMetadata中添加PropertyChangedCallback，代码如下：

public static readonly DependencyProperty TopProperty =
    DependencyProperty.RegisterAttached("Top", typeof(double), typeof(MyCanvas), new PropertyMetadata(0d, OnLeftChanged));


private static void OnLeftChanged(DependencyObject obj, DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs args)
{
    double oldValue = (double)args.OldValue;
    double newValue = (double)args.NewValue;
    if (oldValue == newValue)
        return;

    var parent = VisualTreeHelper.GetParent(obj) as MyCanvas;
    if (parent != null)
        parent.InvalidateArrange();
}

当Left改变时调用OnLeftChanged，这里DependencyObject obj就是被附加了Left属性的子元素。通过 VisualTreeHelper.GetParent找到它的父元素，调用父元素的InvalidateArrange再次触发ArrangeOverride函数。

5.3 当做缓存

有时我会很偷懒地把附加属性当做缓存来用。譬如在上面的代码中，假设VisualTreeHelper.GetParent是一个很耗时的操作（只是假设），我会把parent放到缓存里面，而这个缓存还是用附加属性实现的。

private static void OnLeftChanged(DependencyObject obj, DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs args)
{
    double oldValue = (double)args.OldValue;
    double newValue = (double)args.NewValue;
    if (oldValue == newValue)
        return;

    var parent = GetCanvasParent(obj);
    if (parent == null)
    {
        parent = VisualTreeHelper.GetParent(obj) as MyCanvas;
        SetCanvasParent(obj, parent);
    }
    if (parent != null)
        parent.InvalidateArrange();
}

注意: 实际上VisualTreeHelper.GetParent函数并没有十分耗时，所以这里是没必要这样写的。

5.4 完整的MyCanvas代码

public class MyCanvas : Panel
{
    /// <summary>
    //  从指定元素获取 Left 依赖项属性的值。
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="obj">The element from which the property value is read.</param>
    /// <returns>Left 依赖项属性的值</returns>
    public static double GetLeft(DependencyObject obj)
    {
        return (double)obj.GetValue(LeftProperty);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 将 Left 依赖项属性的值设置为指定元素。
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="obj">The element on which to set the property value.</param>
    /// <param name="value">The property value to set.</param>
    public static void SetLeft(DependencyObject obj, double value)
    {
        obj.SetValue(LeftProperty, value);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 标识 Left 依赖项属性。
    /// </summary>
    public static readonly DependencyProperty LeftProperty =
        DependencyProperty.RegisterAttached("Left", typeof(double), typeof(MyCanvas), new PropertyMetadata(0d, OnPositionChanged));

    /// <summary>
    //  从指定元素获取 Top 依赖项属性的值。
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="obj">The element from which the property value is read.</param>
    /// <returns>Top 依赖项属性的值</returns>
    public static double GetTop(DependencyObject obj)
    {
        return (double)obj.GetValue(TopProperty);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 将 Top 依赖项属性的值设置为指定元素。
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="obj">The element on which to set the property value.</param>
    /// <param name="value">The property value to set.</param>
    public static void SetTop(DependencyObject obj, double value)
    {
        obj.SetValue(TopProperty, value);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 标识 Top 依赖项属性。
    /// </summary>
    public static readonly DependencyProperty TopProperty =
        DependencyProperty.RegisterAttached("Top", typeof(double), typeof(MyCanvas), new PropertyMetadata(0d, OnPositionChanged));

    /// <summary>
    //  从指定元素获取 CanvasParent 依赖项属性的值。
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="obj">The element from which the property value is read.</param>
    /// <returns>CanvasParent 依赖项属性的值</returns>
    public static MyCanvas GetCanvasParent(DependencyObject obj)
    {
        return (MyCanvas)obj.GetValue(CanvasParentProperty);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 将 CanvasParent 依赖项属性的值设置为指定元素。
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="obj">The element on which to set the property value.</param>
    /// <param name="value">The property value to set.</param>
    public static void SetCanvasParent(DependencyObject obj, MyCanvas value)
    {
        obj.SetValue(CanvasParentProperty, value);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 标识 CanvasParent 依赖项属性。
    /// </summary>
    public static readonly DependencyProperty CanvasParentProperty =
        DependencyProperty.RegisterAttached("CanvasParent", typeof(MyCanvas), typeof(MyCanvas), new PropertyMetadata(null));

    private static void OnPositionChanged(DependencyObject obj, DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs args)
    {
        double oldValue = (double)args.OldValue;
        double newValue = (double)args.NewValue;
        if (oldValue == newValue)
            return;

        var parent = VisualTreeHelper.GetParent(obj) as MyCanvas;
        if (parent != null)
            parent.InvalidateArrange();
    }

    protected override Size ArrangeOverride(Size arrangeSize)
    {
        foreach (UIElement child in Children)
        {
            double left = GetLeft(child);
            double top = GetTop(child);
            child.Arrange(new Rect(new Point(left, top), child.DesiredSize));
        }
        return arrangeSize;
    }


    protected override Size MeasureOverride(Size constraint)
    {
        Size childConstraint = new Size(Double.PositiveInfinity, Double.PositiveInfinity);

        foreach (UIElement child in Children)
        {
            if (child == null) { continue; }
            child.Measure(childConstraint);
        }
        return new Size();
    }
}

这里的代码参考了WPF中的Canvas，有兴趣可以看看它的源码：Canvas

6. 内存回收

前面提过，依赖属性的值是以所依赖的对象及属性标识作为Key存放到HashTable中，附加属性作为依赖属性的一种特殊形式它的实现也是这样。既然这个HashTable一直存在，会不会作为Key的依赖对象也被迫存活，没有被回收？假设真是这样的话，设置了Grid.Row、Canvas.Left等属性的所有对象都被迫存活在内存中？
实际上并不需要担心这个问题，微软提供了名为ConditionalWeakTable的类并使用这个类实现依赖属性机制，保证了依赖属性的内存回收。

参考这段代码：

 public sealed partial class MainPage : Page
{
    public MainPage()
    {
        this.InitializeComponent();
        Loaded += MainPage_Loaded;
        var button = new MyButton();
        Test test = new Test();
        button.SetValue(Test.AttachedObjectProperty, test);
        this.LayoutRoot.Children.Add(button);
    }

    private void MainPage_Loaded(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
    {
        LayoutRoot.Children.Clear();
        Task.Factory.StartNew(async () =>
        {
            while (true)
            {
                await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
                GC.Collect();
            }
        });
    }
}

public class MyButton : Button
{
    ~MyButton()
    {
        Debug.WriteLine(DateTime.Now.ToString("HH:mm:ss fff:") + "MyButton Finalize");
    }
}

public class Test : DependencyObject
{
    /// <summary>
    //  从指定元素获取 AttachedObject 依赖项属性的值。
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="obj">The element from which the property value is read.</param>
    /// <returns>AttachedObject 依赖项属性的值</returns>
    public static Test GetAttachedObject(DependencyObject obj)
    {
        return (Test)obj.GetValue(AttachedObjectProperty);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 将 AttachedObject 依赖项属性的值设置为指定元素。
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="obj">The element on which to set the property value.</param>
    /// <param name="value">The property value to set.</param>
    public static void SetAttachedObject(DependencyObject obj, Test value)
    {
        obj.SetValue(AttachedObjectProperty, value);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 标识 AttachedObject 依赖项属性。
    /// </summary>
    public static readonly DependencyProperty AttachedObjectProperty =
        DependencyProperty.RegisterAttached("AttachedObject", typeof(Test), typeof(Test), new PropertyMetadata(null));

    ~Test()
    {
        Debug.WriteLine(DateTime.Now.ToString("HH:mm:ss fff:") + "Test Finalize");
    }
}

运行后输出:

02:06:14 741:MyButton Finalize
02:06:14 747:Test Finalize

可以看出在MyButton及附加的Test对象都被确实被回收了。

7. 参考

附加属性概述
自定义附加属性
Silverlight附加属性概述
Silverlight自定义的附加属性