Archlinux安装简介

今天从http://releng.archlinux.org/isos/2012.07.16_04-00-01下载了最新的archlinux安装盘，发现现在仅仅提供netinstall形式的安装盘。启动后安装，发现熟悉的/arch/setup已经不再存在。询问万能的Google同学后，得知这是新的安装方法（为啥要换呢？难道老的方式不好维护了？），现记录下来。

 

Step 1

准备好磁盘用户安装，创建磁盘分许与文件系统。如果需要使用LVM/RAID类似的功能，同样创建之。

cfdisk /dev/sda
mkfs.ext4 -L ROOT /dev/sda1
mkswap -L SWAP /dev/sda2

Step 2

根据文件系统，挂载root分区到/mnt，当然同样包含其他需要使用的相应分区。例如，mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot

mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
swapon /dev/sda2

Step 3

连接因特网用于过去软件包，dhcpcd之。

修改mirrorlist到mirrors.163.com，这是我获取仓库最快的地址。

# Add "Server = http://mirrors.163.com/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch"
vi /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist

Step 4

下载软件包并安装，这是最重要的一个环节。使用pacstrap /mnt base{,-devel} [more packages...]，其根基是pacman。pacstrap是一个bash脚本，咱们看看就知道它都干了什么。

#!/bin/bash

#
# Assumptions:
#  1) User has partitioned, formatted, and mounted partitions on /mnt
#  2) Network is functional
#  3) Arguments passed to the script are valid pacman targets
#  4) A valid mirror appears in /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
#

shopt -s extglob

out() { printf "$1 $2\n" "${@:3}"; }
error() { out "==> ERROR:" "$@"; } >&2
msg() { out "==>" "$@"; }
msg2() { out "  ->" "$@";}
die() { error "$@"; exit 1; }

in_array() {
  local i
  for i in "${@:2}"; do
    [[ $1 = "$i" ]] && return
  done
}

api_fs_mount() {
  if ! mountpoint -q "$1"; then
    mount -B "$1" "$1" && ROOT_IS_BIND=1
  fi &&
  mount -t proc proc "$1/proc" -o nosuid,noexec,nodev &&
  mount -t sysfs sys "$1/sys" -o nosuid,noexec,nodev &&
  mount -t devtmpfs udev "$1/dev" -o mode=0755,nosuid &&
  mount -t devpts devpts "$1/dev/pts" -o mode=0620,gid=5,nosuid,noexec &&
  mount -t tmpfs shm "$1/dev/shm" -o mode=1777,nosuid,nodev &&
  mount -t tmpfs run "$1/run" -o nosuid,nodev,mode=0755 &&
  mount -t tmpfs tmp "$1/tmp" -o mode=1777,strictatime,nodev,nosuid,size=50M
}

api_fs_umount() {
  umount \
    "$1/tmp" \
    "$1/run" \
    "$1/dev/shm" \
    "$1/dev/pts" \
    "$1/dev" \
    "$1/sys" \
    "$1/proc"

  (( ROOT_IS_BIND )) && umount "$1"
}

valid_number_of_base() {
  local base=$1 len=${#2} i=

  for (( i = 0; i < len; i++ )); do
    (( (${2:i:1} & ~(base - 1)) == 0 )) || return
  done
}

mangle() {
  local i= chr= out=

  unset {a..f} {A..F}

  for (( i = 0; i < ${#1}; i++ )); do
    chr=${1:i:1}
    case $chr in
      [[:space:]\\])
        printf -v chr '%03o' "'$chr"
        out+=\\
        ;;&
        # fallthrough
      *)
        out+=$chr
        ;;
    esac
  done

  printf '%s' "$out"
}

unmangle() {
  local i= chr= out= len=$(( ${#1} - 4 ))

  unset {a..f} {A..F}

  for (( i = 0; i < len; i++ )); do
    chr=${1:i:1}
    case $chr in
      \\)
        if valid_number_of_base 8 "${1:i+1:3}" ||
            valid_number_of_base 16 "${1:i+1:3}"; then
          printf -v chr '%b' "${1:i:4}"
          (( i += 3 ))
        fi
        ;;&
        # fallthrough
      *)
        out+=$chr
    esac
  done

  printf '%s' "$out${1:i}"
}

fstype_is_pseudofs() {
  # list taken from util-linux source: libmount/src/utils.c
  local pseudofs_types=('anon_inodefs'
                        'autofs'
                        'bdev'
                        'binfmt_misc'
                        'cgroup'
                        'configfs'
                        'cpuset'
                        'debugfs'
                        'devfs'
                        'devpts'
                        'devtmpfs'
                        'dlmfs'
                        'fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon'
                        'fusectl'
                        'hugetlbfs'
                        'mqueue'
                        'nfsd'
                        'none'
                        'pipefs'
                        'proc'
                        'pstore'
                        'ramfs'
                        'rootfs'
                        'rpc_pipefs'
                        'securityfs'
                        'sockfs'
                        'spufs'
                        'sysfs'
                        'tmpfs')
  in_array "$1" "${pseudofs_types[@]}"
}



newroot=/mnt
hostcache=0

usage() {
  cat <<EOF
usage: ${0##*/} [options] root [packages...]

  Options:
    -c             Use the package cache on the host, rather than the target
    -d             Allow installation to a non-mountpoint directory

pacstrap installs packages to the specified new root directory. If no packages
are given, pacstrap defaults to the "base" group.

EOF
}

if [[ -z $1 || $1 = @(-h|--help) ]]; then
  usage
  exit $(( $# ? 0 : 1 ))
fi

(( EUID == 0 )) || die 'This script must be run with root privileges'

while getopts ':cd' flag; do
  case $flag in
    d)
      directory=1
      ;;
    c)
      hostcache=1
      ;;
    :)
      die '%s: option requires an argument -- '\''%s'\' "${0##*/}" "$OPTARG"
      ;;
    ?)
      die '%s: invalid option -- '\''%s'\' "${0##*/}" "$OPTARG"
      ;;
  esac
done
shift $(( OPTIND - 1 ))

(( $# )) || die "No root directory specified"
newroot=$1; shift
pacman_args=("${@:-base}")

if (( ! hostcache )); then
  pacman_args+=(--cachedir="$newroot/var/cache/pacman/pkg")
fi

[[ -d $newroot ]] || die "%s is not a directory" "$newroot"
if ! mountpoint -q "$newroot" && (( ! directory )); then
  die '%s is not a mountpoint!' "$newroot"
fi

# create obligatory directories
msg 'Creating install root at %s' "$newroot"
mkdir -p "$newroot/var/lib/pacman" "$newroot"/{dev,proc,sys,run,tmp,etc}

# always call umount on quit after this point
trap 'api_fs_umount "$newroot" 2>/dev/null' EXIT

# mount API filesystems
api_fs_mount "$newroot" || die "failed to setup API filesystems in new root"

msg 'Installing packages to %s' "$newroot"
if ! pacman -r "$newroot" -Sy --noconfirm "${pacman_args[@]}"; then
  die 'Failed to install packages to new root'
fi

# if there's a keyring on the host, copy it into the new root, unless it exists already
if [[ -d /etc/pacman.d/gnupg && ! -d $newroot/etc/pacman.d/gnupg ]]; then
  cp -a /etc/pacman.d/gnupg "$newroot/etc/pacman.d/"
fi

# install the host's mirrorlist onto the new root
cp -a /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist "$newroot/etc/pacman.d/"

# vim: et ts=2 sw=2 ft=sh:

我的操作命令是

pacstrap /mnt base syslinux vim

Step 5

如果你忘记安装了必要的包，现在可以通过如下指令补救：

pacman -r /mnt -Sy package

在漫长的等待之后，基本上接下来的工作就是系统配置了。首先，我们切换root目录

arch-chroot /mnt

Setp 6

配置bootloader，我这里使用syslinux

syslinux-install_update -iam
vim /boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg

Step 7

配置系统

exit # exit arch-chroot
genfstab -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
arch-chroot /mnt
cd /etc
echo "hostname" > hostname
echo "en_US.UTF-8" > locale.conf
vi locale.gen
locale-gen
ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Zone/Subzone localtime
exit
cp /etc/mkinitcpio.conf /mnt/etc/
arch-chroot /mnt
mkinitcpio -p linux
exit
umount /mnt
reboot