golang命令行库cobra的使用

简介

Cobra既是一个用来创建强大的现代CLI命令行的golang库,也是一个生成程序应用和命令行文件的程序。下面是Cobra使用的一个演示:

show

Cobra提供的功能

  • 简易的子命令行模式,如 app server, app fetch等等
  • 完全兼容posix命令行模式
  • 嵌套子命令subcommand
  • 支持全局,局部,串联flags
  • 使用Cobra很容易的生成应用程序和命令,使用cobra create appname和cobra add cmdname
  • 如果命令输入错误,将提供智能建议,如 app srver,将提示srver没有,是否是app server
  • 自动生成commands和flags的帮助信息
  • 自动生成详细的help信息,如app help
  • 自动识别-h,--help帮助flag
  • 自动生成应用程序在bash下命令自动完成功能
  • 自动生成应用程序的man手册
  • 命令行别名
  • 自定义help和usage信息
  • 可选的紧密集成的viper apps

如何使用

上面所有列出的功能我没有一一去使用,下面我来简单介绍一下如何使用Cobra,基本能够满足一般命令行程序的需求,如果需要更多功能,可以研究一下源码github

安装cobra

Cobra是非常容易使用的,使用go get来安装最新版本的库。当然这个库还是相对比较大的,可能需要安装它可能需要相当长的时间,这取决于你的速网。安装完成后,打开GOPATH目录,bin目录下应该有已经编译好的cobra.exe程序,当然你也可以使用源代码自己生成一个最新的cobra程序。

> go get -v github.com/spf13/cobra/cobra

使用cobra生成应用程序

假设现在我们要开发一个基于CLIs的命令程序,名字为demo。首先打开CMD,切换到GOPATH的src目录下[1],执行如下指令:

src> ..\bin\cobra.exe init demo 
Your Cobra application is ready at
C:\Users\liubo5\Desktop\transcoding_tool\src\demo
Give it a try by going there and running `go run main.go`
Add commands to it by running `cobra add [cmdname]`

在src目录下会生成一个demo的文件夹,如下:

▾ demo
    ▾ cmd/
        root.go
    main.go

如果你的demo程序没有subcommands,那么cobra生成应用程序的操作就结束了。

如何实现没有子命令的CLIs程序

接下来就是可以继续demo的功能设计了。例如我在demo下面新建一个包,名称为imp。如下:

▾ demo
    ▾ cmd/
        root.go
    ▾ imp/
        imp.go
        imp_test.go
    main.go

imp.go文件的代码如下:

package imp

import(
    "fmt"
)

func Show(name string, age int) {
    fmt.Printf("My Name is %s, My age is %d\n", name, age)
}

demo程序成命令行接收两个参数name和age,然后打印出来。打开cobra自动生成的main.go文件查看:

// Copyright © 2016 NAME HERE <EMAIL ADDRESS>
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package main

import "demo/cmd"

func main() {
	cmd.Execute()
}

可以看出main函数执行cmd包,所以我们只需要在cmd包内调用imp包就能实现demo程序的需求。接着打开root.go文件查看:

// Copyright © 2016 NAME HERE <EMAIL ADDRESS>
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package cmd

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"

	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
	"github.com/spf13/viper"
)

var cfgFile string

// RootCmd represents the base command when called without any subcommands
var RootCmd = &cobra.Command{
	Use:   "demo",
	Short: "A brief description of your application",
	Long: `A longer description that spans multiple lines and likely contains
examples and usage of using your application. For example:

Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications.
This application is a tool to generate the needed files
to quickly create a Cobra application.`,
// Uncomment the following line if your bare application
// has an action associated with it:
//	Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { },
}

// Execute adds all child commands to the root command sets flags appropriately.
// This is called by main.main(). It only needs to happen once to the rootCmd.
func Execute() {
	if err := RootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
		os.Exit(-1)
	}
}

func init() {
	cobra.OnInitialize(initConfig)

	// Here you will define your flags and configuration settings.
	// Cobra supports Persistent Flags, which, if defined here,
	// will be global for your application.

	RootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cfgFile, "config", "", "config file (default is $HOME/.demo.yaml)")
	// Cobra also supports local flags, which will only run
	// when this action is called directly.
	RootCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle")
}

// initConfig reads in config file and ENV variables if set.
func initConfig() {
	if cfgFile != "" { // enable ability to specify config file via flag
		viper.SetConfigFile(cfgFile)
	}

	viper.SetConfigName(".demo") // name of config file (without extension)
	viper.AddConfigPath("$HOME")  // adding home directory as first search path
	viper.AutomaticEnv()          // read in environment variables that match

	// If a config file is found, read it in.
	if err := viper.ReadInConfig(); err == nil {
		fmt.Println("Using config file:", viper.ConfigFileUsed())
	}
}

从源代码来看cmd包进行了一些初始化操作并提供了Execute接口。十分简单,其中viper是cobra集成的配置文件读取的库,这里不需要使用,我们可以注释掉(不注释可能生成的应用程序很大约10M,这里没哟用到最好是注释掉)。cobra的所有命令都是通过cobra.Command这个结构体实现的。为了实现demo功能,显然我们需要修改RootCmd。修改后的代码如下:

// Copyright © 2016 NAME HERE <EMAIL ADDRESS>
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package cmd

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"

	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
	//	"github.com/spf13/viper"
	"demo/imp"
)

//var cfgFile string
var name string
var age int

// RootCmd represents the base command when called without any subcommands
var RootCmd = &cobra.Command{
	Use:   "demo",
	Short: "A test demo",
	Long:  `Demo is a test appcation for print things`,
	// Uncomment the following line if your bare application
	// has an action associated with it:
	Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
		if len(name) == 0 {
			cmd.Help()
			return
		}
		imp.Show(name, age)
	},
}

// Execute adds all child commands to the root command sets flags appropriately.
// This is called by main.main(). It only needs to happen once to the rootCmd.
func Execute() {
	if err := RootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
		os.Exit(-1)
	}
}

func init() {
	//	cobra.OnInitialize(initConfig)

	// Here you will define your flags and configuration settings.
	// Cobra supports Persistent Flags, which, if defined here,
	// will be global for your application.

	//	RootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cfgFile, "config", "", "config file (default is $HOME/.demo.yaml)")
	// Cobra also supports local flags, which will only run
	// when this action is called directly.
	//	RootCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle")
	RootCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&name, "name", "n", "", "person's name")
	RootCmd.Flags().IntVarP(&age, "age", "a", 0, "person's age")
}

// initConfig reads in config file and ENV variables if set.
//func initConfig() {
//	if cfgFile != "" { // enable ability to specify config file via flag
//		viper.SetConfigFile(cfgFile)
//	}

//	viper.SetConfigName(".demo") // name of config file (without extension)
//	viper.AddConfigPath("$HOME") // adding home directory as first search path
//	viper.AutomaticEnv()         // read in environment variables that match

//	// If a config file is found, read it in.
//	if err := viper.ReadInConfig(); err == nil {
//		fmt.Println("Using config file:", viper.ConfigFileUsed())
//	}
//}

到此demo的功能已经实现了,我们编译运行一下看看实际效果:

>demo.exe
Demo is a test appcation for print things

Usage:
  demo [flags]

Flags:
  -a, --age int       person's age
  -h, --help          help for demo
  -n, --name string   person's name
>demo -n borey --age 26
My Name is borey, My age is 26

如何实现带有子命令的CLIs程序

在执行cobra.exe init demo之后,继续使用cobra为demo添加子命令test:

src\demo>..\..\bin\cobra add test
test created at C:\Users\liubo5\Desktop\transcoding_tool\src\demo\cmd\test.go

在src目录下demo的文件夹下生成了一个cmd\test.go文件,如下:

▾ demo
    ▾ cmd/
        root.go
        test.go
    main.go

接下来的操作就和上面修改root.go文件一样去配置test子命令。效果如下:

src\demo>demo
Demo is a test appcation for print things

Usage:
  demo [flags]
  demo [command]

Available Commands:
  test        A brief description of your command

Flags:
  -a, --age int       person's age
  -h, --help          help for demo
  -n, --name string   person's name

Use "demo [command] --help" for more information about a command.

可以看出demo既支持直接使用标记flag,又能使用子命令

src\demo>demo test -h
A longer description that spans multiple lines and likely contains examples
and usage of using your command. For example:

Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications.
This application is a tool to generate the needed files
to quickly create a Cobra application.

Usage:
  demo test [flags]

调用test命令输出信息,这里没有对默认信息进行修改。

src\demo>demo tst
Error: unknown command "tst" for "demo"

Did you mean this?
        test

Run 'demo --help' for usage.
unknown command "tst" for "demo"

Did you mean this?
        test

这是错误命令提示功能

OVER

Cobra的使用就介绍到这里,更新细节可去github详细研究一下。这里只是一个简单的使用入门介绍,如果有错误之处,敬请指出,谢谢~


  1. cobra.exe只能在GOPATH目录下执行 ↩︎

posted @ 2016-07-28 17:34  borey  阅读(21963)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报