Fork me on GitHub

SQLAlchemy

SQLAlchemy

SQLAlchemy是一个基于Python实现的ORM框架。该框架建立在 DB API之上,使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作,也就是:将类和对象转换成SQL,然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

pip3 install sqlalchemy

组成部分:

Engine,框架的引擎
Connection Pooling ,数据库连接池
Dialect,选择连接数据库的DB API种类
Schema/Types,架构和类型
SQL Exprression Language,SQL表达式语言

Dialect用于和数据API进行交流,根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API,从而实现对数据库的操作

MySQL-Python
    mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

pymysql
    mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]

MySQL-Connector
    mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

cx_Oracle
    oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]

例如:

'mysql://root:@localhost:3306/mysqltest?charset=utf8'  --- 指定字符编码

SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://root:@127.0.0.1:3306/dbname'

创建表:(如何创建联合唯一)

import datetime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship

Base = declarative_base()


# ##################### 单表示例 #########################
class Users(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'users'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True)
    age = Column(Integer, default=18)
    email = Column(String(32), unique=True)
    ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
    extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)


        # 类似于django 中的 class meta

        # 指定表的其他属性,联合主键,联合索引等等

    __table_args__ = (
        # UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
        # Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
    )


class Hosts(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'hosts'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True)
    ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)


# ##################### 一对多示例 #########################
class Hobby(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'hobby'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    caption = Column(String(50), default='篮球')


class Person(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'person'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
    hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id"))

    # 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便
    hobby = relationship("Hobby", backref='pers')


# ##################### 多对多示例 #########################

class Server2Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'server2group'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))


class Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'group'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)

    # 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便
    servers = relationship('Server', secondary='server2group', backref='groups')


class Server(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'server'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)


def init_db():
    """
    根据类创建数据库表
    :return: 
    """
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
    )

    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)


def drop_db():
    """
    根据类删除数据库表
    :return: 
    """
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
    )

    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    drop_db()
    init_db()

flask_sqlalchemy的使用:

app/init

from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy

db = SQLAlchemy(app)

models

from app import db


class Comment(db.Model):
    __tablename__ = 'comment'
    id = db.Column(db.Integer,primary_key=True)
    content = db.Column(db.Text)
    movie_id = db.Column(db.Integer,db.ForeignKey('movie.id'))
    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer,db.ForeignKey('user.id'))
    addtime = db.Column(db.DateTime,index=True,default=datetime.datetime.utcnow)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<Comment %r>"%self.id

    def get_user(self):
        user = User.query.get_or_404(self.user_id)
        return user

    def get_movie(self):
        return Movie.query.get_or_404(self.movie_id)

views

# 1  修改密码

        user = User.query.filter_by(name=session['user']).first()
        user.pwd = generate_password_hash(data['repwd'])

        db.session.add(user)
        db.session.commit()         # 提交修改

 # 2 添加用户

    data = register_form.data
    user = User(
        name = data['name'],
        email = data['email'],
        mobile = data['mobile'],
        pwd = generate_password_hash(data['pwd']),
        uuid = uuid4().hex
    )
    db.session.add(user)
    db.session.commit()

    # 3 查询

    user = User.query.filter_by(name=session['user']).first_or_404()

    moviecol_data = MovieCol.query.join(Movie).filter(Movie.id == MovieCol.movie_id,
            MovieCol.user_id == user.id).order_by(MovieCol.addtime.desc()).paginate(page=page,per_page=5)

    # 4 删除

        tag = Tag.query.filter_by(id=id).first_or_404()
        db.session.delete(tag)
        db.session.commit()

r

补充

如何批量插入大批数据?

		可以使用非 ORM 的方式:


		session.execute(
		    User.__table__.insert(),
		    [{'name': `randint(1, 100)`,'age': randint(1, 100)} for i in xrange(10000)]
		)
		session.commit()

如何指定使用 InnoDB,以及使用 UTF-8 编码?

		最简单的方式就是修改数据库的默认配置。如果非要在代码里指定的话,可以这样:


		class User(BaseModel):
		    __table_args__ = {
		        'mysql_engine': 'InnoDB',
		        'mysql_charset': 'utf8'
		    }

http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/8259356.html

posted @ 2018-03-17 17:35  派对动物  阅读(230)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报
Top