C#之反射
C#反射技术主要基于System.Type类和System.Reflection.Assemble类,通过Type类可以访问关于任何数据类型的信息,Assemble类用于访问给定程序集的相关信息,或把这个程序集加载到程序中。
一.System.Type类
Type类是一个抽象类。只要实例化了一个Type对象,实际上就实例化了Type的一个派生类。尽管一般情况下派生类只提供各种Type方法和属性的不同重载,但是这些方法和属性返回对应数据类型的正确数据,Type有与每种数据类型对应的派生类。它们一般不添加新的方法或属性
通常,获取指向任何给定的Type引用有三种常用方式:
*使用typeof运算符,这个运算符的参数是类型的名称,但不放在引号中:
Type t =typeof(double);
*使用GetType()方法,所以类都会从System.Object继承这个方法:
double d =10;
Type t = d.GetType();
在一个变量上调用GetType()方法,返回的Type对象只与该数据类型相关,不包含该类型实例的任何信息。
*调用Type类的静态方法GetType():
Type t =Type.GetType("System.Double");
Type是很多反射功能的入口,它实现很多方法和属性,可用的属性都是只读的:可以使用Type确定数据的类型,但不能使用它修改该类型。
1.Type属性
由Type实现的属性分为3类。
*包含与类相关的各种名称的字符串:
Name:数据类型名
FullName:数据类型的完全限定名(包含名称空间)
Namespace:在其中定义数据类型的名称空间名
*获取Type对象的引用的属性:
BaseType:该对象的直接基本类型
UnderlyingSystemType:该Type在.NET运行库中映射到的类型
*布尔属性
IsAbstract,IsArray,IsClass,IsEnum等判断Type是什么类型的属性。
2.方法
System.Type的大多数方法都用于获取对应数据类型的成员信息:构造函数,属性,方法和事件等。它有许多方法,但它们都有相同的模式。例如,获取数据类型的方法的信息:GetMethod()和GetMethods()。GetMethod()方法返回MethodInfo对象的一个引用,其中包含一个指定方法的细节信息;而GetMethods()返回这种引用的一个数组。
二.Assembly类
Assembly类允许访问给定程序集的元数据,它也包含可以加载和执行程序集(假定该程序集是可执行的)的方法。与Type类一样,Assembly类包含非常多的方法和属性,这里只介绍与特性(http://www.cnblogs.com/afei-24/p/6867935.html)有关的成员,其它成员可以去MSDN(https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/system.reflection.assembly(v=vs.100).aspx)查看。
在使用Assembly实例做一些工作前,需要把相应的程序集加载到正在运行的进程中。可以使用静态方法Assembly.Load()或Assembly.LoadFrom()。Load()方法的参数程序集的名称,运行库会在各个位置上搜索该程序集,这些位置包括本地目录和全局程序集缓存。而LoadFrom()方法的参数是程序集的完整路径名,它不会在其它位置搜索该程序集:
Assembly assembly1 = Assembly.Load(“WhatsNewAttributes");
Assembly assembly2 = Assembly.LoadFrom(“E:\WhatsNewAttributes\bin\Debug\WhatsNewAttributes");
这两个方法都有许多其它重载版本。
1.获取在程序集中定义的类型的详细信息
Assembly类调用GetType()方法可以获得相应程序集中定义的所有类型的详细信息,它返回一个包含所有类型的详细信息的System.Type引用数组:
Type[] types = assembly1.GetType();
foreach(Type t in types)
{
}
2.获取自定义特性的详细信息
如果需要确定程序集关联了什么自定义特性,就需要调用Attribute类的一个静态方法GetCustomAttributes():
Assembly assembly1 = Assembly.Load(“WhatsNewAttributes");
Attribute[] attribs = Attribute.GetCustomAttributes(assembly1);
GetCustomAttributes方法用于获取程序集的特性,他有两个重载方法:如果在调用它时,除了程序集的引用外,没有其它参数,该方法就会返回这个程序集定义的所以自定义特性;如果指定第二个参数,第二个参数表示特性类的一个Type对象,GetCustomAttributes方法返回指定特性类型的特性数组。
所有的特性都作为一般的Attribute引用来获取。如果需要调用为自定义特性定义的任何方法或属性,就需要把这些引用显示转换为自定义特性类。
如果要获得与方法,构造函数和字段等的特性,就需要调用MethodInfo,ConstructorInfo,FieldInfo等类的GetCustomAttributes()方法。
下面通过一个例子演示,自定义特性和反射
1.编写自定义特性
namespace WhatsNewAttributes { [AttributeUsage( AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Method, AllowMultiple = true, Inherited = false)] public class LastModifiedAttribute : Attribute { private readonly DateTime _dateModified; private readonly string _changes; public LastModifiedAttribute(string dateModified, string changes) { _dateModified = DateTime.Parse(dateModified); _changes = changes; } public DateTime DateModified { get { return _dateModified; } } public string Changes { get { return _changes; } } public string Issues { get; set; } } [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Assembly)] public class SupportsWhatsNewAttribute : Attribute { } }
2.对VectorClass和其成员使用自定义特性
[assembly: SupportsWhatsNew] namespace VectorClass { [LastModified("14 Feb 2010", "IEnumerable interface implemented " + "So Vector can now be treated as a collection")] [LastModified("10 Feb 2010", "IFormattable interface implemented " + "So Vector now responds to format specifiers N and VE")] class Vector : IFormattable, IEnumerable { public double x, y, z; public Vector(double x, double y, double z) { this.x = x; this.y = y; this.z = z; } [LastModified("10 Feb 2010", "Method added in order to provide formatting support")] public string ToString(string format, IFormatProvider formatProvider) { if (format == null) return ToString(); string formatUpper = format.ToUpper(); switch (formatUpper) { case "N": return "|| " + Norm().ToString() + " ||"; case "VE": return String.Format("( {0:E}, {1:E}, {2:E} )", x, y, z); case "IJK": StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(x.ToString(), 30); sb.Append(" i + "); sb.Append(y.ToString()); sb.Append(" j + "); sb.Append(z.ToString()); sb.Append(" k"); return sb.ToString(); default: return ToString(); } } public Vector(Vector rhs) { x = rhs.x; y = rhs.y; z = rhs.z; } [LastModified("14 Feb 2010", "Method added in order to provide collection support")] public IEnumerator GetEnumerator() { return new VectorEnumerator(this); } public override string ToString() { return "( " + x + " , " + y + " , " + z + " )"; } public double this[uint i] { get { switch (i) { case 0: return x; case 1: return y; case 2: return z; default: throw new IndexOutOfRangeException( "Attempt to retrieve Vector element" + i); } } set { switch (i) { case 0: x = value; break; case 1: y = value; break; case 2: z = value; break; default: throw new IndexOutOfRangeException( "Attempt to set Vector element" + i); } } } public static bool operator ==(Vector lhs, Vector rhs) { if (System.Math.Abs(lhs.x - rhs.x) < double.Epsilon && System.Math.Abs(lhs.y - rhs.y) < double.Epsilon && System.Math.Abs(lhs.z - rhs.z) < double.Epsilon) return true; else return false; } public static bool operator !=(Vector lhs, Vector rhs) { return !(lhs == rhs); } public static Vector operator +(Vector lhs, Vector rhs) { Vector result = new Vector(lhs); result.x += rhs.x; result.y += rhs.y; result.z += rhs.z; return result; } public static Vector operator *(double lhs, Vector rhs) { return new Vector(lhs * rhs.x, lhs * rhs.y, lhs * rhs.z); } public static Vector operator *(Vector lhs, double rhs) { return rhs * lhs; } public static double operator *(Vector lhs, Vector rhs) { return lhs.x * rhs.x + lhs.y + rhs.y + lhs.z * rhs.z; } public double Norm() { return x * x + y * y + z * z; } #region enumerator class [LastModified("14 Feb 2010", "Class created as part of collection support for Vector")] private class VectorEnumerator : IEnumerator { readonly Vector _theVector; // Vector object that this enumerato refers to int _location; // which element of _theVector the enumerator is currently referring to public VectorEnumerator(Vector theVector) { _theVector = theVector; _location = -1; } public bool MoveNext() { ++_location; return (_location > 2) ? false : true; } public object Current { get { if (_location < 0 || _location > 2) throw new InvalidOperationException( "The enumerator is either before the first element or " + "after the last element of the Vector"); return _theVector[(uint)_location]; } } public void Reset() { _location = -1; } } #endregion } }
3.通过反射获取程序集VectorClass和其成员的自定义特性
namespace LookUpWhatsNew { internal class WhatsNewChecker { private static readonly StringBuilder outputText = new StringBuilder(1000); private static DateTime backDateTo = new DateTime(2010, 2, 1); private static void Main() { Assembly theAssembly = Assembly.Load("VectorClass"); Attribute supportsAttribute = Attribute.GetCustomAttribute( theAssembly, typeof (SupportsWhatsNewAttribute)); string name = theAssembly.FullName; AddToMessage("Assembly: " + name); if (supportsAttribute == null) { AddToMessage( "This assembly does not support WhatsNew attributes"); return; } else { AddToMessage("Defined Types:"); } Type[] types = theAssembly.GetTypes(); foreach (Type definedType in types) DisplayTypeInfo(definedType); MessageBox.Show(outputText.ToString(), "What\'s New since " + backDateTo.ToLongDateString()); Console.ReadLine(); } private static void DisplayTypeInfo(Type type) { // make sure we only pick out classes if (!(type.IsClass)) return; AddToMessage("\nclass " + type.Name); Attribute[] attribs = Attribute.GetCustomAttributes(type); if (attribs.Length == 0) AddToMessage("No changes to this class"); else foreach (Attribute attrib in attribs) WriteAttributeInfo(attrib); MethodInfo[] methods = type.GetMethods(); AddToMessage("CHANGES TO METHODS OF THIS CLASS:"); foreach (MethodInfo nextMethod in methods) { object[] attribs2 = nextMethod.GetCustomAttributes( typeof (LastModifiedAttribute), false); if (attribs2 != null) { AddToMessage( nextMethod.ReturnType + " " + nextMethod.Name + "()"); foreach (Attribute nextAttrib in attribs2) WriteAttributeInfo(nextAttrib); } } } private static void WriteAttributeInfo(Attribute attrib) { LastModifiedAttribute lastModifiedAttrib = attrib as LastModifiedAttribute; if (lastModifiedAttrib == null) return; // check that date is in range DateTime modifiedDate = lastModifiedAttrib.DateModified; if (modifiedDate < backDateTo) return; AddToMessage(" MODIFIED: " + modifiedDate.ToLongDateString() + ":"); AddToMessage(" " + lastModifiedAttrib.Changes); if (lastModifiedAttrib.Issues != null) AddToMessage(" Outstanding issues:" + lastModifiedAttrib.Issues); } private static void AddToMessage(string message) { outputText.Append("\n" + message); } } }