十七、类型绑定 Type Casting

1. 概述

Type Casting 的作用:

  • 1)expression is typeis 检查某个实例的类型。
  • 2)expression as typeas 在编译阶段将某个实例的类型绑定为其他类型来访问,并且总是成功。
  • 3)expression as? typeas? 返回指定类型的可选值。在运行时,如果绑定成功,expression 会被打包为一个可选值返回,如果绑定失败,返回值是nil
  • 4)expression as! typeas! 强制转换 expression 为指定类型,as! 返回的不是可选值,如果绑定失败了,会触发运行时错误。x as! T 与 (x as? T)!是等价的 
  • 5)检查某种类型是否实现了协议的方法。

2. 引例,定义三个类:

    class MediaItem {
      var name: String
      init(name: String) {
        self.name = name
      }
    }
    class Movie: MediaItem {
      var director: String
      init(name: String, director: String) {
        self.director = director
        super.init(name: name)
      }
    }
  class Song: MediaItem {
    var artist: String
    init(name: String, artist: String) {
      self.artist = artist
      super.init(name: name)
    }
  }

定义一个数组:

    let library = [
      Movie(name: "Casablanca", director: "Michael Curtiz"),
      Song(name: "Blue Suede Shoes", artist: "Elvis Presley"),
      Movie(name: "Citizen Kane", director: "Orson Welles"),
      Song(name: "The One And Only", artist: "Chesney Hawkes"),
      Song(name: "Never Gonna Give You Up", artist: "Rick Astley")
    ]
    // the type of "library" is inferred to be [MediaItem]

 

2.1 检查实例的类型 Checking Type

使用类型检查操作符(type check operatoris 判断一个实例是否是子类类型。如果是子类类型返回 true,否则返回 false。

遍历上面的数组:

    var movieCount = 0
    var songCount = 0
    for item in library {
      if item is Movie {
        ++movieCount
      } else if item is Song {
        ++songCount
      }
    }
    println("Media library contains \(movieCount) movies and \(songCount) songs")
    // prints "Media library contains 2 movies and 3 songs"

 

2.2 向下绑定 Downcasting

一个类实例有时要当做它的子类实例来使用,使用类型绑定操作符(type cast operator) as 来向下绑定到子类类型。

如果你不确定转换是否会成功,使用可选值形式 as? ,如果失败,返回 nil 。

    for item in library {
      if let movie = item as? Movie {
        println("Movie: '\(movie.name)', dir. \(movie.director)")
      } else if let song = item as? Song {
        println("Song: '\(song.name)', by \(song.artist)")
      }
    }
    // Movie: 'Casablanca', dir. Michael Curtiz
    // Song: 'Blue Suede Shoes', by Elvis Presley
    // Movie: 'Citizen Kane', dir. Orson Welles
    // Song: 'The One And Only', by Chesney Hawkes
    // Song: 'Never Gonna Give You Up', by Rick Astley

注意:类型绑定并没有真的修改实例,仅仅只是把它当做它所绑定的类型来对待和访问。

 

3. 绑定为Any和AnyObject类型 Type Casting for Any and AnyObject

Swift为一些不明确的类型提供了两个特殊的类型别名:

  • 1)AnyObject 可以表示任何类类型的实例(对象类型)。
  • 2)Any 可以表示任何类型,包括函数类型。

 

3.1 AnyObject 类型

比如:

    let someObjects: [AnyObject] = [
      Movie(name: "2001: A Space Odyssey", director: "Stanley Kubrick"),
      Movie(name: "Moon", director: "Duncan Jones"),
      Movie(name: "Alien", director: "Ridley Scott")
    ]

因为数组中都是Movie的实例类型(对象类型),我们可以将他们向下绑定直接拆包为非可选的Movie类型

    for object in someObjects {
      let movie = object as Movie
      println("Movie: '\(movie.name)', dir. \(movie.director)")
    }
    // Movie: '2001: A Space Odyssey', dir. Stanley Kubrick
    // Movie: 'Moon', dir. Duncan Jones
    // Movie: 'Alien', dir. Ridley Scott

也可以使用更简洁的方式——将数组 someObjects的[AnyObject]类型 向下绑定为 [Movie]类型:

    for movie in someObjects as [Movie] {
      println("Movie: '\(movie.name)', dir. \(movie.director)")
    }
    // Movie: '2001: A Space Odyssey', dir. Stanley Kubrick
    // Movie: 'Moon', dir. Duncan Jones
    // Movie: 'Alien', dir. Ridley Scott

 

3.2 Any 类型

比如:

    var things = [Any]()
    things.append(0)
    things.append(0.0)
    things.append(42)
    things.append(3.14159)
    things.append("hello")
    things.append((3.0, 5.0))
    things.append(Movie(name: "Ghostbusters", director: "Ivan Reitman"))
    things.append({ (name: String) -> String in "Hello, \(name)" })

遍历数组:

    for thing in things {
      switch thing {
        case 0 as Int:
          println("zero as an Int")
        case 0 as Double:
          println("zero as a Double")
        case let someInt as Int:
          println("an integer value of \(someInt)")
        case let someDouble as Double where someDouble > 0:
          println("a positive double value of \(someDouble)")
        case is Double:
          println("some other double value that I don't want to print")
        case let someString as String:
          println("a string value of \"\(someString)\"")
        case let (x, y) as (Double, Double):
          println("an (x, y) point at \(x), \(y)")
        case let movie as Movie:
          println("a movie called '\(movie.name)', dir. \(movie.director)")
        case let stringConverter as String -> String:
          println(stringConverter("Michael"))
        default:
          println("something else")
      }
    }
    // zero as an Int
    // zero as a Double
    // an integer value of 42
    // a positive double value of 3.14159
    // a string value of "hello"
    // an (x, y) point at 3.0, 5.0
    // a movie called 'Ghostbusters', dir. Ivan Reitman
    // Hello, Michael

注意:在上面的代码中使用的是强制绑定as而不是可选的绑定as?,因为在在switch的case语句中使用强制的as永远是安全的。

 

参考自:https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/TypeCasting.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40014097-CH22-ID338

posted @ 2015-02-02 15:49  action爱生活  阅读(235)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报