动机(Motivate):
在软件构建 过程中,我们需要为某些对象建立一种“通知依赖关系” --------一个对象(目标对象)的状态发生改变,所有的依赖对象(观察者对象)都将得到通知。如果这样的依赖关系过于紧密,将使软件不能很好地抵御变化。使用面 向对象技术,可以将这种依赖关系弱化,并形成一种稳定的依赖关系。从而实现软件体系结构的松耦合。
意图(Intent):
定义对象间的一种一对多的依赖关系,当一个对象的状态发生改变时, 所有依赖于它的对象都得到通知并被自动更新。
-------《设计模式》GOF
结构图(Struct):
适用性:
生活中的例子:
代码实现:
由此可见程序可以正常运行,但请注意BandAccount和Emailer及Mobile之间形成了一种双向的依赖关系,即BankAccount调用了Emailer及Mobile的方法,而Emailer及Mobile调用了BnadAccount类的属性。如果有其中一个类变化,有可能会引起另一个的变化。如果又需添加一种新的通知方式,就得在BankAccount的WithDraw()方法中增加对该中通知方式的调用。
显然这样的设计极大的违背了“开放-封闭”原则,这不是我们所想要的,仅仅是新增加了一种通知对象,就需要对原有的BankAccount类进行修改,这样的设计是很糟糕的。对此做进一步的抽象,既然出现了多个通知对象,我们就为这些对象之间抽象出一个接口,用它来取消BankAccount和具体的通知对象之间依赖。
由此我们由左图转换到右图。
实例代码如下:
推模式与拉模式
对于发布-订阅模型,大家都很容易能想到推模式与拉模式,用SQL Server做过数据库复制的朋友对这一点很清楚。在Observer模式中同样区分推模式和拉模式,我先简单的解释一下两者的区别:推模式是当有消息时,把消息信息以参数的形式传递(推)给所有观察者,而拉模式是当有消息时,通知消息的方法本身并不带任何的参数,是由观察者自己到主体对象那儿取回(拉)消息。知道了这一点,大家可能很容易发现上面我所举的例子其实是一种推模式的Observer模式。我们先看看这种模式带来了什么好处:当有消息时,所有的 观察者都会直接得到全部的消息,并进行相应的处理程序,与主体对象没什么关系,两者之间的关系是一种松散耦合。但是它也有缺陷,第一是所有的观察者得到的 消息是一样的,也许有些信息对某个观察者来说根本就用不上,也就是观察者不能“按需所取”;第二,当通知消息的参数有变化时,所有的观察者对象都要变化。鉴于以上问题,拉模式就应运而生了,它是由观察者自己主动去取消息,需要什么信息,就可以取什么,不会像推模式那样得到所有的消息参数。
拉模式实现如下:
用事件和委托来实现Observer模式我认为更加的简单和优雅,也是一种更好的解决方案。
Observer实现要点:
在软件构建 过程中,我们需要为某些对象建立一种“通知依赖关系” --------一个对象(目标对象)的状态发生改变,所有的依赖对象(观察者对象)都将得到通知。如果这样的依赖关系过于紧密,将使软件不能很好地抵御变化。使用面 向对象技术,可以将这种依赖关系弱化,并形成一种稳定的依赖关系。从而实现软件体系结构的松耦合。
意图(Intent):
定义对象间的一种一对多的依赖关系,当一个对象的状态发生改变时, 所有依赖于它的对象都得到通知并被自动更新。
-------《设计模式》GOF
结构图(Struct):
适用性:
1.当一个抽象模型有两个方面, 其中一个方面依赖于另一方面。将这二者封装在独立的对象中以使它们可以各自独立地改变和复用。
2.当对一个对象的改变需要同时改变其它对象, 而不知道具体有多少对象有待改变。
3.当一个对象必须通知其它对象,而它又不能假定其它对象是谁。换言之, 你不希望这些对象是紧密耦合的。生活中的例子:
观
察者定义了对象间一对多的关系,当一个对象的状态变化时,所有依赖它的对象都得到通知并且自动地更新。在ATM取款,当取款成功后,以手机、邮件等方式进行通知。
代码实现:
1 public class BankAccount
2 {
3 Emailer emailer; //强信赖关系
4 Mobile phoneNumber; //强信赖关系
5
6 private double _money;
7
8 public Emailer Emailer
9 {
10 get { return emailer; }
11 set { this.emailer = value; }
12 }
13 public Mobile PhoneNumber
14 {
15 get { return phoneNumber; }
16 set { this.phoneNumber = value; }
17 }
18 public double Money
19 {
20 get { return _money; }
21 set { this._money = value; }
22 }
23
24 public void WithDraw()
25 {
26 emailer.SendEmail(this);
27 phoneNumber.SendNotification(this);
28 }
29
30 }
2 {
3 Emailer emailer; //强信赖关系
4 Mobile phoneNumber; //强信赖关系
5
6 private double _money;
7
8 public Emailer Emailer
9 {
10 get { return emailer; }
11 set { this.emailer = value; }
12 }
13 public Mobile PhoneNumber
14 {
15 get { return phoneNumber; }
16 set { this.phoneNumber = value; }
17 }
18 public double Money
19 {
20 get { return _money; }
21 set { this._money = value; }
22 }
23
24 public void WithDraw()
25 {
26 emailer.SendEmail(this);
27 phoneNumber.SendNotification(this);
28 }
29
30 }
1 public class Emailer
2 {
3 private string _emailer;
4 public Emailer(string emailer)
5 {
6 this._emailer = emailer;
7 }
8 public void SendEmail(BankAccount ba)
9 {
10 //..
11 Console.WriteLine("Notified : Emailer is {0}, You withdraw {1:C} ", _emailer, ba.Money);
12 }
13 }
2 {
3 private string _emailer;
4 public Emailer(string emailer)
5 {
6 this._emailer = emailer;
7 }
8 public void SendEmail(BankAccount ba)
9 {
10 //..
11 Console.WriteLine("Notified : Emailer is {0}, You withdraw {1:C} ", _emailer, ba.Money);
12 }
13 }
1 public class Mobile
2 {
3 private long _phoneNumber;
4 public Mobile(long phoneNumber)
5 {
6 this._phoneNumber = phoneNumber;
7 }
8 public void SendNotification(BankAccount ba)
9 {
10 Console.WriteLine("Notified :Phone number is {0} You withdraw {1:C} ", _phoneNumber, ba.Money);
11 }
12 }
此时简单的客户端调用如下:2 {
3 private long _phoneNumber;
4 public Mobile(long phoneNumber)
5 {
6 this._phoneNumber = phoneNumber;
7 }
8 public void SendNotification(BankAccount ba)
9 {
10 Console.WriteLine("Notified :Phone number is {0} You withdraw {1:C} ", _phoneNumber, ba.Money);
11 }
12 }
1 class Test
2 {
3 static void Main(string[] args)
4 {
5 BankAccount ba = new BankAccount();
6 Emailer emailer = new Emailer("abcdwxc@163.com");
7 Mobile mobile = new Mobile(13901234567);
8 ba.Emailer = emailer;
9 ba.PhoneNumber = mobile;
10 ba.Money = 2000;
11 ba.WithDraw();
12 }
13 }
运行结果如下:2 {
3 static void Main(string[] args)
4 {
5 BankAccount ba = new BankAccount();
6 Emailer emailer = new Emailer("abcdwxc@163.com");
7 Mobile mobile = new Mobile(13901234567);
8 ba.Emailer = emailer;
9 ba.PhoneNumber = mobile;
10 ba.Money = 2000;
11 ba.WithDraw();
12 }
13 }
由此可见程序可以正常运行,但请注意BandAccount和Emailer及Mobile之间形成了一种双向的依赖关系,即BankAccount调用了Emailer及Mobile的方法,而Emailer及Mobile调用了BnadAccount类的属性。如果有其中一个类变化,有可能会引起另一个的变化。如果又需添加一种新的通知方式,就得在BankAccount的WithDraw()方法中增加对该中通知方式的调用。
显然这样的设计极大的违背了“开放-封闭”原则,这不是我们所想要的,仅仅是新增加了一种通知对象,就需要对原有的BankAccount类进行修改,这样的设计是很糟糕的。对此做进一步的抽象,既然出现了多个通知对象,我们就为这些对象之间抽象出一个接口,用它来取消BankAccount和具体的通知对象之间依赖。
由此我们由左图转换到右图。
实例代码如下:
1 public interface IObserverAccount
2 {
3 void Update(BankAccount ba);
4 }
2 {
3 void Update(BankAccount ba);
4 }
1 public class BankAccount
2 {
3 IObserverAccount emailer; //依赖于接口
4 IObserverAccount phoneNumber; //依赖于接口
5
6 private double _money;
7
8 public IObserverAccount Emailer
9 {
10 get { return emailer; }
11 set { this.emailer = value; }
12 }
13 public IObserverAccount PhoneNumber
14 {
15 get { return phoneNumber; }
16 set { this.phoneNumber = value; }
17 }
18 public double Money
19 {
20 get { return _money; }
21 set { this._money = value; }
22 }
23
24 public void WithDraw()
25 {
26 emailer.Update(this);
27 phoneNumber.Update(this);
28 }
29
30 }
2 {
3 IObserverAccount emailer; //依赖于接口
4 IObserverAccount phoneNumber; //依赖于接口
5
6 private double _money;
7
8 public IObserverAccount Emailer
9 {
10 get { return emailer; }
11 set { this.emailer = value; }
12 }
13 public IObserverAccount PhoneNumber
14 {
15 get { return phoneNumber; }
16 set { this.phoneNumber = value; }
17 }
18 public double Money
19 {
20 get { return _money; }
21 set { this._money = value; }
22 }
23
24 public void WithDraw()
25 {
26 emailer.Update(this);
27 phoneNumber.Update(this);
28 }
29
30 }
1 public class Emailer : IObserverAccount
2 {
3 private string _emailer;
4 public Emailer(string emailer)
5 {
6 this._emailer = emailer;
7 }
8 public void Update(BankAccount ba)
9 {
10 //..
11 Console.WriteLine("Notified : Emailer is {0}, You withdraw {1:C} ", _emailer, ba.Money);
12 }
13 }
2 {
3 private string _emailer;
4 public Emailer(string emailer)
5 {
6 this._emailer = emailer;
7 }
8 public void Update(BankAccount ba)
9 {
10 //..
11 Console.WriteLine("Notified : Emailer is {0}, You withdraw {1:C} ", _emailer, ba.Money);
12 }
13 }
1 public class Mobile : IObserverAccount
2 {
3 private long _phoneNumber;
4 public Mobile(long phoneNumber)
5 {
6 this._phoneNumber = phoneNumber;
7 }
8 public void Update(BankAccount ba)
9 {
10 Console.WriteLine("Notified :Phone number is {0} You withdraw {1:C} ", _phoneNumber, ba.Money);
11 }
12 }
客户端与上方相同,其运行结果也相同。但BankAccount增加和删除通知对象时,还需对其进行修改。对此我们再做如下重构,在BankAccount中维护一个IObserver列表,同时提供相应的维护方法。2 {
3 private long _phoneNumber;
4 public Mobile(long phoneNumber)
5 {
6 this._phoneNumber = phoneNumber;
7 }
8 public void Update(BankAccount ba)
9 {
10 Console.WriteLine("Notified :Phone number is {0} You withdraw {1:C} ", _phoneNumber, ba.Money);
11 }
12 }
1 public class BankAccount
2 {
3 private List<IObserverAccount> Observers = new List<IObserverAccount>();
4
5
6 private double _money;
7
8 public double Money
9 {
10 get { return _money; }
11 set { this._money = value; }
12 }
13
14 public void WithDraw()
15 {
16 foreach (IObserverAccount ob in Observers)
17 {
18 ob.Update(this);
19
20 }
21 }
22 public void AddObserver(IObserverAccount observer)
23 {
24 Observers.Add(observer);
25 }
26 public void RemoverObserver(IObserverAccount observer)
27 {
28 Observers.Remove(observer);
29 }
30
31 }
此时客户端代码如下:2 {
3 private List<IObserverAccount> Observers = new List<IObserverAccount>();
4
5
6 private double _money;
7
8 public double Money
9 {
10 get { return _money; }
11 set { this._money = value; }
12 }
13
14 public void WithDraw()
15 {
16 foreach (IObserverAccount ob in Observers)
17 {
18 ob.Update(this);
19
20 }
21 }
22 public void AddObserver(IObserverAccount observer)
23 {
24 Observers.Add(observer);
25 }
26 public void RemoverObserver(IObserverAccount observer)
27 {
28 Observers.Remove(observer);
29 }
30
31 }
1 class Test
2 {
3 static void Main(string[] args)
4 {
5 BankAccount ba = new BankAccount();
6 IObserverAccount emailer = new Emailer("abcdwxc@163.com");
7 IObserverAccount mobile = new Mobile(13901234567);
8
9 ba.Money = 2000;
10 ba.AddObserver(emailer);
11 ba.AddObserver(mobile);
12
13 ba.WithDraw();
14 }
15 }
走到这一步,已经有了Observer模式的影子了,BankAccount类不再依赖于具体的Emailer或Mobile,而是依赖于抽象的IObserverAccount。存在着的一个问题是Emailer或Mobile仍然依赖于具体的BankAccount,解决这样的问题很简单,只需要再对BankAccount类做一次抽象。如下图:2 {
3 static void Main(string[] args)
4 {
5 BankAccount ba = new BankAccount();
6 IObserverAccount emailer = new Emailer("abcdwxc@163.com");
7 IObserverAccount mobile = new Mobile(13901234567);
8
9 ba.Money = 2000;
10 ba.AddObserver(emailer);
11 ba.AddObserver(mobile);
12
13 ba.WithDraw();
14 }
15 }
1 public abstract class Subject
2 {
3 private List<IObserverAccount> Observers = new List<IObserverAccount>();
4
5 private double _money;
6 public Subject(double money)
7 {
8 this._money = money;
9 }
10
11 public double Money
12 {
13 get { return _money; }
14 }
15
16 public void WithDraw()
17 {
18 foreach (IObserverAccount ob in Observers)
19 {
20 ob.Update(this);
21
22 }
23 }
24 public void AddObserver(IObserverAccount observer)
25 {
26 Observers.Add(observer);
27 }
28 public void RemoverObserver(IObserverAccount observer)
29 {
30 Observers.Remove(observer);
31 }
32
33 }
2 {
3 private List<IObserverAccount> Observers = new List<IObserverAccount>();
4
5 private double _money;
6 public Subject(double money)
7 {
8 this._money = money;
9 }
10
11 public double Money
12 {
13 get { return _money; }
14 }
15
16 public void WithDraw()
17 {
18 foreach (IObserverAccount ob in Observers)
19 {
20 ob.Update(this);
21
22 }
23 }
24 public void AddObserver(IObserverAccount observer)
25 {
26 Observers.Add(observer);
27 }
28 public void RemoverObserver(IObserverAccount observer)
29 {
30 Observers.Remove(observer);
31 }
32
33 }
1 public interface IObserverAccount
2 {
3 void Update(Subject subject);
4 }
2 {
3 void Update(Subject subject);
4 }
1 public class BankAccount : Subject
2 {
3 public BankAccount(double money)
4 : base(money)
5 { }
6
7 }
2 {
3 public BankAccount(double money)
4 : base(money)
5 { }
6
7 }
1 public class Emailer : IObserverAccount
2 {
3 private string _emalier;
4 public Emailer(string emailer )
5 {
6 this._emalier = emailer;
7 }
8 public void Update(Subject subject)
9 {
10 Console.WriteLine("Notified : Emailer is {0}, You withdraw {1:C} ", _emalier, subject.Money);
11 }
12 }
2 {
3 private string _emalier;
4 public Emailer(string emailer )
5 {
6 this._emalier = emailer;
7 }
8 public void Update(Subject subject)
9 {
10 Console.WriteLine("Notified : Emailer is {0}, You withdraw {1:C} ", _emalier, subject.Money);
11 }
12 }
1 public class Mobile : IObserverAccount
2 {
3 private long _phoneNumber;
4 public Mobile(long phoneNumber)
5 {
6 this._phoneNumber = phoneNumber;
7 }
8 public void Update(Subject subject)
9 {
10 Console.WriteLine("Notified :Phone number is {0} You withdraw {1:C} ", _phoneNumber, subject.Money);
11 }
12 }
此时客户端实现如下:2 {
3 private long _phoneNumber;
4 public Mobile(long phoneNumber)
5 {
6 this._phoneNumber = phoneNumber;
7 }
8 public void Update(Subject subject)
9 {
10 Console.WriteLine("Notified :Phone number is {0} You withdraw {1:C} ", _phoneNumber, subject.Money);
11 }
12 }
1 class Test
2 {
3 static void Main(string[] args)
4 {
5 Subject subject = new BankAccount(2000);
6 subject.AddObserver(new Emailer("abcdwxc@163.com"));
7 subject.AddObserver(new Mobile(13901234567));
8
9 subject.WithDraw();
10 }
11 }
2 {
3 static void Main(string[] args)
4 {
5 Subject subject = new BankAccount(2000);
6 subject.AddObserver(new Emailer("abcdwxc@163.com"));
7 subject.AddObserver(new Mobile(13901234567));
8
9 subject.WithDraw();
10 }
11 }
推模式与拉模式
对于发布-订阅模型,大家都很容易能想到推模式与拉模式,用SQL Server做过数据库复制的朋友对这一点很清楚。在Observer模式中同样区分推模式和拉模式,我先简单的解释一下两者的区别:推模式是当有消息时,把消息信息以参数的形式传递(推)给所有观察者,而拉模式是当有消息时,通知消息的方法本身并不带任何的参数,是由观察者自己到主体对象那儿取回(拉)消息。知道了这一点,大家可能很容易发现上面我所举的例子其实是一种推模式的Observer模式。我们先看看这种模式带来了什么好处:当有消息时,所有的 观察者都会直接得到全部的消息,并进行相应的处理程序,与主体对象没什么关系,两者之间的关系是一种松散耦合。但是它也有缺陷,第一是所有的观察者得到的 消息是一样的,也许有些信息对某个观察者来说根本就用不上,也就是观察者不能“按需所取”;第二,当通知消息的参数有变化时,所有的观察者对象都要变化。鉴于以上问题,拉模式就应运而生了,它是由观察者自己主动去取消息,需要什么信息,就可以取什么,不会像推模式那样得到所有的消息参数。
拉模式实现如下:
1 public abstract class Subject
2 {
3 private List<IObserverAccount> Observers = new List<IObserverAccount>();
4
5
6 private double _money;
7
8 public double Money
9 {
10 get { return _money; }
11 }
12 public Subject(double money)
13 {
14 this._money = money;
15 }
16 public void WithDraw()
17 {
18 foreach (IObserverAccount ob in Observers)
19 {
20 ob.Update();
21
22 }
23 }
24 public void AddObserver(IObserverAccount observer)
25 {
26 Observers.Add(observer);
27 }
28 public void RemoverObserver(IObserverAccount observer)
29 {
30 Observers.Remove(observer);
31 }
32
33 }
2 {
3 private List<IObserverAccount> Observers = new List<IObserverAccount>();
4
5
6 private double _money;
7
8 public double Money
9 {
10 get { return _money; }
11 }
12 public Subject(double money)
13 {
14 this._money = money;
15 }
16 public void WithDraw()
17 {
18 foreach (IObserverAccount ob in Observers)
19 {
20 ob.Update();
21
22 }
23 }
24 public void AddObserver(IObserverAccount observer)
25 {
26 Observers.Add(observer);
27 }
28 public void RemoverObserver(IObserverAccount observer)
29 {
30 Observers.Remove(observer);
31 }
32
33 }
1 public interface IObserverAccount
2 {
3 void Update();
4 }
2 {
3 void Update();
4 }
1 public class BankAccount :Subject
2 {
3 public BankAccount(double money)
4 : base(money)
5 { }
6
7 }
2 {
3 public BankAccount(double money)
4 : base(money)
5 { }
6
7 }
1 public class Emailer : IObserverAccount
2 {
3 private string _emalier;
4 private Subject _subject;
5 public Emailer(string emailer,Subject subject)
6 {
7 this._emalier = emailer;
8 this._subject = subject;
9 }
10 public void Update()
11 {
12 //..
13 Console.WriteLine("Notified : Emailer is {0}, You withdraw {1:C} ", _emalier,_subject.Money);
14 }
15 }
2 {
3 private string _emalier;
4 private Subject _subject;
5 public Emailer(string emailer,Subject subject)
6 {
7 this._emalier = emailer;
8 this._subject = subject;
9 }
10 public void Update()
11 {
12 //..
13 Console.WriteLine("Notified : Emailer is {0}, You withdraw {1:C} ", _emalier,_subject.Money);
14 }
15 }
1 public class Mobile : IObserverAccount
2 {
3 private long _phoneNumber;
4 private Subject _subject;
5 public Mobile(long phoneNumber,Subject subject)
6 {
7 this._phoneNumber = phoneNumber;
8 this._subject = subject;
9 }
10 public void Update()
11 {
12 Console.WriteLine("Notified :Phone number is {0} You withdraw {1:C} ", _phoneNumber,_subject.Money);
13 }
14 }
此时客户端调用如下:2 {
3 private long _phoneNumber;
4 private Subject _subject;
5 public Mobile(long phoneNumber,Subject subject)
6 {
7 this._phoneNumber = phoneNumber;
8 this._subject = subject;
9 }
10 public void Update()
11 {
12 Console.WriteLine("Notified :Phone number is {0} You withdraw {1:C} ", _phoneNumber,_subject.Money);
13 }
14 }
1 class Test
2 {
3 static void Main(string[] args)
4 {
5 Subject subject= new BankAccount(2000);
6 subject.AddObserver(new Emailer("abcdwxc@163.com",subject));
7 subject.AddObserver(new Mobile(13901234567,subject));
8
9 subject.WithDraw();
10 }
11 }
.NET中Observer实现:2 {
3 static void Main(string[] args)
4 {
5 Subject subject= new BankAccount(2000);
6 subject.AddObserver(new Emailer("abcdwxc@163.com",subject));
7 subject.AddObserver(new Mobile(13901234567,subject));
8
9 subject.WithDraw();
10 }
11 }
用事件和委托来实现Observer模式我认为更加的简单和优雅,也是一种更好的解决方案。
1 public class Subject
2 {
3 public event NotifyEventHandler NotifyEvent;
4
5 private double _money;
6 public Subject(double money)
7 {
8 this._money = money;
9 }
10
11 public double Money
12 {
13 get { return _money; }
14 }
15
16 public void WithDraw()
17 {
18 OnNotifyChange();
19 }
20 public void OnNotifyChange()
21 {
22 if (NotifyEvent != null)
23 {
24 NotifyEvent(this);
25 }
26
27 }
28
29 }
2 {
3 public event NotifyEventHandler NotifyEvent;
4
5 private double _money;
6 public Subject(double money)
7 {
8 this._money = money;
9 }
10
11 public double Money
12 {
13 get { return _money; }
14 }
15
16 public void WithDraw()
17 {
18 OnNotifyChange();
19 }
20 public void OnNotifyChange()
21 {
22 if (NotifyEvent != null)
23 {
24 NotifyEvent(this);
25 }
26
27 }
28
29 }
1 public class Emailer
2 {
3 private string _emalier;
4 public Emailer(string emailer)
5 {
6 this._emalier = emailer;
7 }
8 public void Update(object obj)
9 {
10 if (obj is Subject)
11 {
12 Subject subject = (Subject)obj;
13
14 Console.WriteLine("Notified : Emailer is {0}, You withdraw {1:C} ", _emalier, subject.Money);
15 }
16 }
17 }
2 {
3 private string _emalier;
4 public Emailer(string emailer)
5 {
6 this._emalier = emailer;
7 }
8 public void Update(object obj)
9 {
10 if (obj is Subject)
11 {
12 Subject subject = (Subject)obj;
13
14 Console.WriteLine("Notified : Emailer is {0}, You withdraw {1:C} ", _emalier, subject.Money);
15 }
16 }
17 }
public delegate void NotifyEventHandler(object sender);
客户端调用如下: 1 class Test
2 {
3 static void Main(string[] args)
4 {
5 Subject subject = new Subject(2000);
6 Emailer emailer = new Emailer("abcdwxc@163.com");
7 subject.NotifyEvent += new NotifyEventHandler(emailer.Update);
8
9
10 subject.WithDraw();
11 }
12 }
2 {
3 static void Main(string[] args)
4 {
5 Subject subject = new Subject(2000);
6 Emailer emailer = new Emailer("abcdwxc@163.com");
7 subject.NotifyEvent += new NotifyEventHandler(emailer.Update);
8
9
10 subject.WithDraw();
11 }
12 }
Observer实现要点:
1.使用面向对象的抽象,Observer模式使得我们可以独立地改变目标与观察者,从而使二者之间的依赖关系达到松耦合。
2.目标发送通知时,无需指定观察者,通知(可以携带通知信息作为参数)会自动传播。观察者自己决定是否需要订阅通知。目标对象对此一无所知。
3.在C#中的Event。委托充当了抽象的Observer接口,而提供事件的对象充当了目标对象,委托是比抽象Observer接口更为松耦合的设计。