使用.NET Remoting开发分布式应用——配置文件篇
作者:Terrylee
我们已经知道可以通过编码的方式配置服务器通道和远程客户机,除此之外,还可以使用配置文件对服务器通道和远程客户机进行配置。使用远程客户机和服务器对象的配置文件的优点在于,用户无需修改任何一行代码,也无需进行重新编译,便可以配置通道和远程对象。
.NET提供了Remoting配置文件的标准,基于XML格式。
一.配置文件
1.服务器配置文件:
先来看一个服务器配置文件的实例,然后我再具体解释一下其中的内容:
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在服务器配置文件中,最外层的元素是<configuration>,这是所有配置文件的共性(包括Web.config配置文件)。
所有的远程配置项必须作为子元素添加到<system.runtime.remoting>下面。
<application>元素使用name属性指定了服务器的名称,该应用程序提供了服务,并请求了服务的通道配置。
应用程序所提供的服务必须作为<service>的子元素列出,这就是远程对象本身,可以使用<wellknown>元素来指定远程对象,mode属性可以指定为SingleCall或Singleton,在后面我们会说到。同时用type属性来指定已经定义了类型的对象,只需要指定程序集的名称即可,不需要扩展名DLL。
在<channels>元素中,我们定义了服务器要使用的通道,用ref属性可以引用一个预先定义好的通道,同时必须使用port属性为通道分配端口,因为服务器必须有一个客户机所熟知的端口号,以便客户机可以利用该端口号。这些通道在机器配置文件中已经定义预先定义了6个,我们可以打开Machine.config文件看一下,默认的路径为%SystemRoot%\Microsoft.NET\Framework\<vx.x.x>\CONFIG。
2.客户机配置文件:
典型的客户机配置文件如下所示:
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同服务器配置文件的元素一样,不同的是这次是客户机通道,所以它不需要指定端口号,我们可以暂时指定为0号。其他的保持不变。
二.示例程序
1.远程对象代码:
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2.服务器
配置文件:
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服务器代码:
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3.客户机
配置文件:
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客户机代码:
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三.需要注意的几点
1.程序集的名称常常会和存储程序集的文件的名称相混淆。程序集的名称是HelloServer,而程序集文件的名称是HelloServer.dll。使用方法调用时,需要将程序集的名称作为参数,而不需要使用文件的扩展名。
2.必须将远程对象类的程序集复制到服务程序的可执行文件的目录中,或是通过添加DLL引用。因为通过读取配置文件,将实例化远程框架中的这个远程对象类,程序集必须位于能够被找到的位置。
3.一般来说,我们可以让应用程序的配置文件名和可执行文件的文件名相同,其后跟有文件扩展名.config。
4.如果用App.config作为服务器或客户机配置文件,要注意App.config文件在运行后自动变为[应用程序名].exe.config。
5.为了防止配置文件找不到,我们可以在项目的属性中设置,在生成后事件里面填写拷贝目录语句:
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6.在编码中,可以不要把配置文件名硬编码写死,用如下语句来代替,这是一个很好的编程实践,也是值得推荐的一种写法。
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7.最后一点,也是最重要的一点,推荐在项目中使用配置文件!
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