C++之父Bjarne Stroustrup提供的关于异常处理的建议

    节选自《The C++ Programming Language》 ——C++之父Bjarne Stroustrup 
         1. Don’t use exceptions where more local control structures will suffice;    当局部的控制能够处理时，不要使用异常； 
         2. Use the "resource allocation is initialization" technique to manage resources;   使用“资源分配即初始化”技术去管理资源； 
         3. Minimize the use of try-blocks. Use "resource acquisition is initialization" instead of explicit handler code;    尽量少用try-catch语句块，而是使用“资源分配即初始化”技术。 
         4. Throw an exception to indicate failure in a constructor;     如果构造函数内发生错误，通过抛出异常来指明。 
         5. Avoid throwing exceptions from destructors;     避免在析构函数中抛出异常。 
         6. Keep ordinary code and error-handling code separate;      保持普通程序代码和异常处理代码分开。 
         7. Beware of memory leaks caused by memory allocated by new not being released in case of an exception;  小心通过new分配的内存在发生异常时，可能造成内存泄露。 
         8. Assume that every exception that can be thrown by a function will be thrown;    如果一个函数可能抛出某种异常，那么我们调用它时，就要假定它一定会抛出该异常，即要进行处理。 
         9. Don't assume that every exception is derived from class exception;     要记住，不是所有的异常都继承自exception类。 
         10. A library shouldn't unilaterally terminate a program. Instead, throw an exception and let a caller decide;    编写的供别人调用的程序库，不应该结束程序，而应该通过抛出异常，让调用者决定如何处理（因为调用者必须要处理抛出的异常）。 
         11. Develop an error-handling strategy early in a design;    若开发一个项目，那么在设计阶段就要确定“错误处理的策略”。