rest_framework基础

简介

为什么要使用REST framework？

Django REST framework 是一个强大且灵活的工具包，用以构建Web APIs。  

- 在线可视的API，对于赢得你的开发者们十分有用 
- 验证策略涵盖了OAuth1a和OAuth2 
- 同时支持ORM和非ORM数据源的序列化 
- 可以配置各个环节，若无需更多强大的特性，使用一般基于类（function-based）的视图（views）即可 
- 大量的文档，强力的社区支持 
- 大公司如同Mozilla和Eventbrite，也是忠实的使用者

配置要求

REST framework 有以下的要求：

• Python (2.7, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5)
• Django (1.7+, 1.8, 1.9)

下面是可选的包：

• Markdown (2.1.0+) - Markdown为可视化 API 提供了支持.
• django-filter (0.9.2+) - 过滤支持.
• django-crispy-forms - 为过滤，提供了改良的HTML呈现.
• django-guardian (1.1.1+) - 对象层面的权限支持.

安装与配置

安装

pip install djangorestframework
pip install markdown     # 可选依赖包
pip install django-filter  # 可选依赖包

配置

INSTALLED_APPS = (
    ...
    'rest_framework',
)


REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    # 编码格式  
    'UNICODE_JSON': False,
}

基本使用方法

models.py

from django.db import models

class Author(models.Model):
    name=models.CharField(max_length=32)
    age=models.IntegerField()
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

urls.py

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from rest_demoimport views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    url(r'^authors/$', views.AuthorsView.as_view()),
    url(r'^authors/(\d+)/$', views.AuthorsDetailView.as_view()),
]

serializer.py

from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_demo import models

class AuthorModelSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Author
        fields = '__all__'

views.py

from rest_demo import serializer
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_demo import models

class AuthorsView(APIView):
    def get(self,request):
        '''
        查询所有作者
        :param request: 
        :return: 
        '''
        author_list = models.Author.objects.all()
        auts = serializer.AuthorModelSerializers(author_list,many=True)
        return Response(auts.data)


    def post(self,request):
        '''
        添加作者
        :param request: 
        :return: 
        '''
        auts = serializer.AuthorModelSerializers(data=request.data)
        if auts.is_valid():
            auts.save()
            return Response(auts.data)
        return Response(auts.errors)


class AuthorsDetailView(APIView):
    def get(self,request,id):
        '''
        查询单条作者
        :param request: 
        :param id: 
        :return: 
        '''
        author = models.Author.objects.filter(pk=id).first()
        auts = serializer.AuthorModelSerializers(author)
        return Response(auts.data)


    def put(self,request,id):
        '''
        修改单条作者
        :param request: 
        :param id: 
        :return: 
        '''
        author = models.Author.objects.filter(pk=id).first()
        auts = serializer.AuthorModelSerializers(instance=author,data=request.data)
        if auts.is_valid():
            auts.save()
            return Response(auts.data)
        return Response(auts.errors)


    def delete(self,request,id):
        '''
        删除单条作者
        :param request: 
        :param id: 
        :return: 
        '''
        models.Author.objects.filter(pk=id).delete()
        return Response()

　　

封装

继承mixin包下面的类

from rest_framework import mixins
from rest_framework import generics
class PublishView(mixins.ListModelMixin,mixins.CreateModelMixin,generics.GenericAPIView):
    queryset = models.Publish.objects.all()
    serializer_class = serializer.PublishSerializers

    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return self.list(request,*args,**kwargs)

    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return self.create(request,*args,**kwargs)


class PublishDetailView(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,mixins.DestroyModelMixin,mixins.UpdateModelMixin,generics.GenericAPIView):
    queryset = models.Publish.objects.all()
    serializer_class = serializer.PublishSerializers

    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return self.retrieve(request,*args,**kwargs)

    def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return self.update(request,*args,**kwargs)

    def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return self.destroy(request,*args,**kwargs)

　　这个时候，我们只需要提供queryset和serializer_class两个参数配置，mixin包下面的类会帮我们处理数据，我们调用对应的方法并且将其返回值返回即可，

但是需要注意的是，如果使用此方法，urls.py的url对应的id要命名为pk，如下:

    url(r'^publishes/$', views.PublishView.as_view()),
    url(r'^publishes/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.PublishDetailView.as_view()),

　　但是，即使我们用了这种封装，很多代码还是有重复的，所有，rest_framework又给我们做了一层封装

继承generices包下面的类

只需要改变一下XXXView类的继承类

from rest_framework import generics
class PublishView(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
    queryset = models.Publish.objects.all()
    serializer_class = serializer.PublishSerializers


class PublishDetailView(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
    queryset = models.Publish.objects.all()
    serializer_class = serializer.PublishSerializers

　　这样，代码就清晰很多了，但是，这种方法依然是将一个model表分成两个视图，那，有没有一种方法能将他们合并在一起呢？

继承viewsets包下的ModelViewSet

urls.py

url(r'^books/$', views.BookViewSet.as_view({"get":"list","post":"create"}),name="book_list"),
    url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)$', views.BookViewSet.as_view({
                'get': 'retrieve',
                'put': 'update',
                'patch': 'partial_update',
                'delete': 'destroy'
            }),name="book_detail"),

views.py

from rest_framework import viewsets
class BookhViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    queryset = models.Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = serializer.PublishSerializers